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Salters Biology > run for your life > Flashcards

run for your life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does myogenic mean?

A

The ability to contact without external nervous stimulation.
Brings about depolarisation

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2
Q

How does the heart beat?

A
  • electrical impulses from the SAN spreads across the atria walls
  • impulses pass to the ventricles via the AVN
  • impulses pass down the purkyne fibres to the heart apex
  • impulses spread up through the ventricle walls causing contraction from the apex upwards, squeezing blood into the arteries
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3
Q

What is the Sinoatrial node?

A

A small area of specialised muscle fibres located in the wall of the right atrium, beneath the opening to the superior vena cava.

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4
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

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5
Q

What is VO2?

A

The oxygen consumption per minute

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6
Q

Define aerobic capacity?

A

The ability to take in, transport and use oxygen

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7
Q

What is the structure of ATP?

A

ATP is a phosphorylated nucleotide composed of ribose, adenine and 3 phosphate groups.

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8
Q

What is decarboxylation?

A

The removal of a carboxyl group from a chemical compound

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9
Q

In which reaction is Acetyl CoA produced?

A

The link reaction

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10
Q

How many times does the the link reaction happen for every glucose molecule?

A

Twice

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11
Q

Name a waste product from the link reaction

A

CO2

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12
Q

How many times does decarboxylation occur in the Krebs cycle?

A

3;

6C -> 5C -> 4C

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13
Q

How many molecules of NAD and FAD are produced during decarboxylation and dehydrogenation in the Krebs cycle?

A

1 reduced FAD

2 reduced NAD

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14
Q

What happens when Acetyl CoA is unavailable during the Krebs cycle?

A

Citrate cannot be made from oxaloacetate

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15
Q

what is meant by Tidal volume?

A

the volume of air in each breath

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16
Q

what is meant by Respiratory minute ventilation?

A

the volume of gas breathed out in a minute

tidal volume x breathing rate

17
Q

what happens to the lid of a spirometer when the person breathes in?

A

the lid moves up

18
Q

what is the function of soda lime within a spirometer?

A

absorb the CO2 in exhaled breaths

19
Q

describe how to investigate the effects of exercise on breathing rate using a spirometer

A
  • person breathes into spirometer for 1 min at rest
  • exercise for 2 mins, refill spirometer w/ oxygen
  • measure again immediately after exercise
20
Q

what is Homeostasis?

A

Involves control systems which keep internal environment within narrow limits

21
Q

list the mechanisms that increase body temperature

A
  • shivering
  • less sweating
  • hairs stand up (less air trapped)
  • vasoconstriction
  • hormones such as thyroxine and adrenaline are released
22
Q

explain how vasodilation decreases body temperature

A
  • arterioles near the surface dilate, more blood flows through the capillaries in the surface layer of the dermis
  • more heat is lost from the skin by radiation and the temperature is lowered
23
Q

list the mechanisms to decrease body temperature:

A
  • sweating (water evaporates off the skin, takes heat from body)
  • hairs lie flat
  • vasodilation
24
Q

which part of the brain maintains temperature?

A

hypothalamus

25
Q

Name 3 coenzymes involved in respiration

A

NAD, FAD, Coenzyme A

26
Q

what do the coenzymes FAD and NAD do?

A

they transfer hydrogen from one molecule to another

27
Q

why is aerobic respiration an example of a metabolic pathway?

A

its made up of series of chemical reactions

28
Q

what is the net gain of ATP during glycolysis?

A

2

29
Q

what are the stages of glycolysis?

A

phosphorylation and oxidation

  • glucose is phosphorylated -> triose phosphate
  • triose phosphate is oxidised to form pyruvate
30
Q

what happens in the link reaction? how many ATP are used/produced?

A
  • pyruvate is decarboxylated
  • NAD is reduced, changes pyruvate into acetate
  • acetate -> acetyl coA
  • no ATP involved
31
Q

what is meant by oxidative phosphorylation?

A

method of synthesising ATP. H+ and electrons recombine to form hydrogen atoms, combining with oxygen to form water. the oxygen acts as final electron acceptor in the ECT and is reduced

32
Q

what happens when baroreceptors detect high blood pressure?

A
  • impulses sent to cardiovascular control centre, sends impulses along parasympathetic neurone
  • this secretes acetylcholine, which binds to the SAN and stops it beating as frequently
33
Q

what neurotransmitter is secreted when the baroreceptors detect low blood pressure?

A

sympathetic neurones secrete noradrenaline

34
Q

why is it that distance runners are slower than short distance runners?

A

longer distance running requires more aerobic respiration

oxygen debt from anaerobic resp cannot be maintained over a duration this long

35
Q

name 3 differences between fast twitch and slow twitch muscle fibres

A
  • slow twitch fibres are fatigue resistant
  • slow twitch fibres have many mitochondria
  • slow twitch fibres have many myoglobin
36
Q

what is the fate of lactate after a period of anaerobic respiration

A
  • lactate oxidised into pyruvate, reused in link reaction
  • transported to liver by blood, broken down into glucose
  • glycolysis
37
Q

explain the change in oxygen consumption during the ten minutes of rest following exercise

A
  • during exercise, anaerobic resp due to lack of O2
  • gycolysis needed to produce ATP, lactate
  • lots of O2 needed to convert lactate into pyruvate
  • pyruvate enters krebs cycle and o2 is required for ECT
38
Q

how do you calculate stroke volume?

A

cardiac output/heart rate

39
Q

how does the appearance of a myofibril change when a muscle contracts

A

sarcomere shortens, actin and myosin remains same length

Salters Biology (8 decks)

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