Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Salters Biology > biodiversity (AS & A2) > Flashcards

biodiversity (AS & A2) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define multifactorial

A

Influenced by 2 or more genetic and environmental factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

The name of the process where the movement of H+ ions across a membrane generates ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where does the light dependent reaction occur?

A

In the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What occurs during the light dependent phase of photosynthesis?

A

Light energy is absorbed by photosynthetic pigments in PS1 &2. Light energy is used to add phosphate group to ADP to form ATP
Reduced NADP formed
H2O oxidised to O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where does the light independent reaction occur)

A

In the stroma of the chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens during the light independent reaction?

A

ATP and NADPH supply energy and hydrogen to make glucose from CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name 3 uses for the light energy absorbed by the photosystems in the light dependent reaction?

A
  • making ATP from ADP (photophosphorylation)
  • making NADPH from NADP
  • photolysis of water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How are ATP, NADPH and O2 produced in non-cyclic phosphorylation?

A
  • light energy excites electrons in chlorophyll
  • photolysis of water produces protons electrons and O2
  • energy from excited electrons makes ATP and generates reduced NADP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why is cyclic phosphorylation called cyclic?

A

The electrons from the chlorophyll molecule aren’t passed on to NADP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a coenzyme?

A

A molecule that aids the function of an enzyme by transferring a chemical group from one molecule to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name a coenzyme used in photosynthesis?

A

NADP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is meant by the term ‘abundance’?

A

the number of organisms of one species in a particular area.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is meant by distribution?

A

where a particular species is within the area you’re investigating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how is Q10 calculated?

A

rate at higher temperature/rate at lower temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

when is it appropriate to use a line transect?

A

when you are measuring change of abundance in one population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

when is it appropriate to use random sampling?

A

when you are measuring change in abundance for two different populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

explain how GP is converted into GALP in the Calvin cycle

A
  • hydrolysis of ATP provides energy to turn the 3C GP into 3C GALP
  • this reaction also requires H+ ions from reduced NADP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how is CO2 converted into GP in the calvin cycle?

A
  • CO2 combines with RuBP, catalysed by RUBISCO

- unstable 6C compound breaks down into 3C GP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

where does the calvin cycle take place?

A

in the stroma

20
Q

what is the role of NADP in the light dependent stage of photosynthesis?

A

electron acceptor; accepts electrons and a proton released from split water molecules, it is reduced

21
Q

during the experiment to investigate the hill reaction, why is sucrose added to the isolation solution?

A

to prevent water being drawn from the chloroplasts during osmosis

22
Q

What is GPP?

A

The available energy which is taken in by an organism

23
Q

What is NPP?

A

The amount of energy which is available to the next trophic level

24
Q

How is primary productivity calculated?

A

NPP = GPP - plant respiration

25
Q

What is meant by the term respiratory loss?

A

Energy lost to the environment from respiration for movement or body heat

26
Q

what is meant by the term ‘producer’?

A

an organism that takes in energy from the sun and converts it into a form that can be used by other organisms

27
Q

why do chloroplasts have a double membrane?

A

keeps the reactants for photosynthesis close to their reaction site

28
Q

in which way are the thylakoids specialised to their function?

A

large surface area allow as much light energy to be absorbed as possible

29
Q

what do pioneer species do?

A

change the abiotic conditions by dying and microorganisms decomposing the dead matter
creates basic soil

30
Q

describe the structure of cellulose

A

long, unbranched chains of beta glucose, joined by 1-4 glycosidic bonds
cellulose chains linked by hydrogen bonds to form microfibrils, arranged in net like arrangement

31
Q

what kind of substances are transported in the xylem?

A

water and inorganic ions

32
Q

what is an ecosystem?

A

all the organisms living in an area and all the abiotic factors

33
Q

what is meant by population?

A

the number of individuals of one species in a particular area

34
Q

what is a diversity index and what needs to be measured to calculate one?

A

D= N(N-1)/n(n-1)

population, total population of all species

35
Q

what is biodiversity?

A

the variety of organisms living in an area, including species diversity and genetic diversity

36
Q

How do you calculate a heterozygosity index?

A

H= number of heterozygotes/number of individuals in the population

37
Q

what are the assumptions you make when using the Hardy-Weinberg principle?

A
  • large population
  • no immigration, mutations or natural selection
  • random mating
38
Q

what are the Hardy-weinberg equations?

A

p + q = 1 where p=freq dominant q= freq recessive

p^2 +2pq +q^2 =1

39
Q

what is a community?

A

all the organisms of different species that live in the same habitat and interact with each other

40
Q

what are the features of an ecosystem?

A

source of energy, producer, decomposer, nutrients (fertiliser), consumer

41
Q

describe the structure of a chloroplast

A

small, flattened structure, surrounded by a double membrane, contains thylakoid membranes stacked to form grana
grana are linked by lamellae

42
Q

describe the function of the middle lamella

A

layer that acts as an adhesive, sticking plant cells together, giving the plant stability

43
Q

describe 3 differences between xylem vessels and phloem vessels

A
  • xylem used for support whereas phloem isnt
  • phloem made from living cells, xylem dead
  • phloem tubes have end walls, xylem doesnt
44
Q

describe 2 differences between sclerenchyma fibres and xylem vessels

A
  • sclerenchyma have end walls

- sclerenchyma dont have pits

45
Q

what is starch?

A 
mixture of amylose (long, unbranched chain of alpha glucose, coiled)
and amylopectin (long, branched, branches allow hydrolysis)
46
Q

what does sustainability mean?

A

using renewable resources in a way which makes them available to future generations

Salters Biology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions