Run for your life

Question 1

Describe fast twitch muscle fibres

5 things

Answer 1

few blood vessels
low levels of myoglobin
few mitochondria
rich glycogen stores
high levels of creatine phosphate

Question 2

What is creatine phosphate?

Answer 2

an organic compound

it converts ADP to ATP

Question 3

Why do fast twitch fatigue quickly?

5 points

Answer 3

Run out of oxygen fast
Lactate builds up quickly
Lactic Acid decreases pH
This affects enzymes
such as ATPase in myosin head

Question 4

Properties and adaptations of slow twitch muscles

Answer 4

dense network of capillaries (rich oxygen supply)
lots of mitochondria (Krebs Cycle)
lots of myoglobin (easier for oxygen to bind to than haemoglobin esp during exercise)
doesn’t fatigue

Question 5

define ligament

Answer 5

attaches bone to bone
allows some movement at joints
provides added stability at joint

Question 6

define tendon and state properties

2 points

Answer 6

attaches muscle to bone
is inelastic, it doesn’t stretch when muscle contracts so all force is transferred to the bone
causing bone to move

Question 7

Steps in glycolysis

Answer 7

Glucose phosphorylated to 6C sugar
an input of 2 ATP needed
6C sugar is unstable and splits (lysis) to 2x 3C sugar
The 3C sugars are oxidated to form 2x Pyruvate molecules
NADH and H+ released

Question 8

Steps in Krebs Cycle

Answer 8

2C Carbon from pyruvate molecule added to 4C carbon to produce 6C carbon
6C converted to 5C
4C carbon is regenerated
CO2 is released
ATP is produced
Protons (H+) removed and are attached to NAD and FAD
reducing them

Question 9

Anaerobic respiration steps?

Answer 9

pyruvate converted to lactate

Question 10

Fate of lactate

Answer 10

It is broken down in the liver
through hydrolysis , producing glucose and galactose
glucose is oxidised into pyruvate
pyruvate is oxidised again
lots of oxygen required
2C compound is incorporated into Krebs Cycle
water and CO2 produced as well

Question 11

Describe oxidative phosphorylation

Just ETC part

Answer 11

NADH and FADH supply ETC with electrons
Electrons are passed along the chain
Through a series of redox reactions
This causes electron to lose energy
This energy is used to react ADP and Pi to produce ATP
The energy is also used to pump H+ across inner membrane and into intermembrane space
(Chemiosmosis)
The electrons are then rebonded to the H atoms they were removed from
The H atom then combines with Oxygen (final H acceptor in the chain) to produce water

Question 12

Describe Chemiosmosis

Answer 12

H+ pumped into inter membrane space
Producing an electrochemical gradient
This causes the H+ ions to have potential energy
As they go down electrochemical gradient, they go through stalked particles on inner membrane
ATP synthase then uses the energy of H+ to react ADP and Pi to produce ATP

Question 13

How is sweating useful in temp regulation?

Answer 13

heat energy from blood in capillaries is absorbed by the sweat
this energy is used to break H bonds in the water
this then allows the sweat to evaporate
taking heat from the body

Question 14

Describe Vasoconstriction

Answer 14

Less blood flow near skin surface
As blood supply to capillaries near skin surface is reduced
Through Vasodilation of shunt vessels
So arterioles send more blood to venules directlly instead of capillaries
Less heat lost through radiation off skin surface

Question 15

Describe Vasoldilation

Answer 15

More blood flow near skin surface
Blood supply to capillaries near skin surface increases
Through vasoconstriction of shunt vessels
So arterioles send blood through to capillaries
More heat is lost through radiation off skin surface

Question 16

Define myogenic

Answer 16

originating from muscle tissue

Question 17

sympathetic nervous system…

Answer 17

increases/ speeds up

Question 18

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 18

decreases/ slows down

Question 19

where is ventilation system ad cardiac centre located?

Answer 19

medulla

Question 20

define homeostasis

Answer 20

The maintenance of stable internal

conditions.

Question 21

dangers of too much exercise

Answer 21

wear and tear on joints
suppression of immune system
susceptibility to respirator tract infections increases

Question 22

benefits of keyhole surgery

Answer 22

smaller incision: less damage to tissue
smaller incision: shorter recovery time
smaller incision: less blood loss, less pain

cheaper, less staff required
less anaesthetic needed
local anaesthetic: less risk associated

Question 23

through what process do mitochondria provide ATP

Answer 23

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 24

what is cruciate ligament

where is it?

Answer 24

connective tissue joins bone to bone

found in the knee, it’s cross-shaped

Question 25

Doping ethics

why should drugs not be used?

Answer 25

absolutist view say drugs should not be used
it's a risk to athlete's health
it's a burden on care services
gives unfair advantage
other harmful substances are banned

Question 26

Doping ethics

relativist view

Answer 26

drugs should be used under some circumstances
such as for medication
drugs can be difficult to legislate for

Question 27

how do transcription factors work?

Answer 27

Transcription factor binds to cell receptor
and enters cell
binds to promoter region and switches on gene
more mRNA produced
more protein is synthesised through translation

Question 28

what is a transcription factor

Answer 28

a protein or a hormone that binds to the promoter region
switching on a gene
and increasing mRNA sythesis of that gene

Question 29

what is the electrocardiogram

Answer 29

it shows the heart rate
the waves represent electrical activity in the heart
over a period of time