Run for your life Flashcards
Describe fast twitch muscle fibres
5 things
few blood vessels low levels of myoglobin few mitochondria rich glycogen stores high levels of creatine phosphate
What is creatine phosphate?
an organic compound
it converts ADP to ATP
Why do fast twitch fatigue quickly?
5 points
Run out of oxygen fast Lactate builds up quickly Lactic Acid decreases pH This affects enzymes such as ATPase in myosin head
Properties and adaptations of slow twitch muscles
dense network of capillaries (rich oxygen supply)
lots of mitochondria (Krebs Cycle)
lots of myoglobin (easier for oxygen to bind to than haemoglobin esp during exercise)
doesn’t fatigue
define ligament
attaches bone to bone
allows some movement at joints
provides added stability at joint
define tendon and state properties
2 points
attaches muscle to bone
is inelastic, it doesn’t stretch when muscle contracts so all force is transferred to the bone
causing bone to move
Steps in glycolysis
Glucose phosphorylated to 6C sugar
an input of 2 ATP needed
6C sugar is unstable and splits (lysis) to 2x 3C sugar
The 3C sugars are oxidated to form 2x Pyruvate molecules
NADH and H+ released
Steps in Krebs Cycle
2C Carbon from pyruvate molecule added to 4C carbon to produce 6C carbon
6C converted to 5C
4C carbon is regenerated
CO2 is released
ATP is produced
Protons (H+) removed and are attached to NAD and FAD
reducing them
Anaerobic respiration steps?
pyruvate converted to lactate
Fate of lactate
It is broken down in the liver
through hydrolysis , producing glucose and galactose
glucose is oxidised into pyruvate
pyruvate is oxidised again
lots of oxygen required
2C compound is incorporated into Krebs Cycle
water and CO2 produced as well
Describe oxidative phosphorylation
Just ETC part
NADH and FADH supply ETC with electrons
Electrons are passed along the chain
Through a series of redox reactions
This causes electron to lose energy
This energy is used to react ADP and Pi to produce ATP
The energy is also used to pump H+ across inner membrane and into intermembrane space
(Chemiosmosis)
The electrons are then rebonded to the H atoms they were removed from
The H atom then combines with Oxygen (final H acceptor in the chain) to produce water
Describe Chemiosmosis
H+ pumped into inter membrane space
Producing an electrochemical gradient
This causes the H+ ions to have potential energy
As they go down electrochemical gradient, they go through stalked particles on inner membrane
ATP synthase then uses the energy of H+ to react ADP and Pi to produce ATP
How is sweating useful in temp regulation?
heat energy from blood in capillaries is absorbed by the sweat
this energy is used to break H bonds in the water
this then allows the sweat to evaporate
taking heat from the body
Describe Vasoconstriction
Less blood flow near skin surface
As blood supply to capillaries near skin surface is reduced
Through Vasodilation of shunt vessels
So arterioles send more blood to venules directlly instead of capillaries
Less heat lost through radiation off skin surface
Describe Vasoldilation
More blood flow near skin surface
Blood supply to capillaries near skin surface increases
Through vasoconstriction of shunt vessels
So arterioles send blood through to capillaries
More heat is lost through radiation off skin surface
Define myogenic
originating from muscle tissue
sympathetic nervous system…
increases/ speeds up
parasympathetic nervous system
decreases/ slows down
where is ventilation system ad cardiac centre located?
medulla
define homeostasis
The maintenance of stable internal
conditions.
dangers of too much exercise
wear and tear on joints
suppression of immune system
susceptibility to respirator tract infections increases
benefits of keyhole surgery
smaller incision: less damage to tissue
smaller incision: shorter recovery time
smaller incision: less blood loss, less pain
cheaper, less staff required
less anaesthetic needed
local anaesthetic: less risk associated
through what process do mitochondria provide ATP
oxidative phosphorylation
what is cruciate ligament
where is it?
connective tissue joins bone to bone
found in the knee, it’s cross-shaped
Doping ethics
why should drugs not be used?
absolutist view say drugs should not be used it's a risk to athlete's health it's a burden on care services gives unfair advantage other harmful substances are banned
Doping ethics
relativist view
drugs should be used under some circumstances
such as for medication
drugs can be difficult to legislate for
how do transcription factors work?
Transcription factor binds to cell receptor
and enters cell
binds to promoter region and switches on gene
more mRNA produced
more protein is synthesised through translation
what is a transcription factor
a protein or a hormone that binds to the promoter region
switching on a gene
and increasing mRNA sythesis of that gene
what is the electrocardiogram
it shows the heart rate
the waves represent electrical activity in the heart
over a period of time
