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AH Final > Ruminants > Flashcards

Ruminants Flashcards

1
Q

BRDC – Bovine respiratory disease complex

A

Involves the susceptibility of the animal, the environment in which it is kept, the management of the animal as well as the various disease agents to which it is subjected.

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2
Q

BRSV infection in calves

A

Occurrence from 3 weeks, higher occurrence in beef growing cattle between 3-9 months. Fever and respiratory symptoms could be very expressed at 1st infection but not later.

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3
Q

BRSV infection in calves PREVENTION

A
  • Colostral immunity: not 100% protection but better recovery
  • Improvement of hygienic conditions, isolations
  • Vaccination: short time defense, reinfections
     Dry cows 2x prepartum
     Calves after 12-16 weeks of age
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4
Q

IBR Infection in growing cattle

A

o General respiratory disease BHV-1
o BHV-5: non purulent encephalitis
• Spread by aerosol. The genital form of the disease is contracted venerably

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5
Q

Shipping Fever

A
  • Occurrence: 7-10 days after transportation and herd mixing
  • Respiratory symptoms, high temperature, pneumonia
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6
Q

Adenovirus pneumoenteritis

A

• Occurrence 1-4 months
• 10 serotype (H: 2,4,6,10)
recovery after 1-2 weeks from 1st phase

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7
Q

Infectious keratoconjunctivitis

A
  • Pathogenes: Moraxella bovis
  • Vectors: flies
  • Prevention: repellent treatments
  • Vaccinations (herd specific vaccines)
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8
Q

Nutrition related diseases in cattle

A

Acidosis,
Laminitis,
Ruminal Parakeratosis,
Ruminal tympany/bloat

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9
Q

Factors affecting beef reproduction

A 
Environment, 
metabolic status,
breed, 
BW,
housing,
oestrus detection,
timing of AI,
lactation anestrus
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10
Q

Cows per bull?

A

10 for young,

25 for experienced

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11
Q

Primary reproductive indices (Targets)

A
  • Calving interval (<400 days), Calving to conception (85-120 days), Age at 1st calving (2 years)
  • Reproductive culling rate on a yearly basis (<8%)
  • Percentage of abortions/confirmed pregnancy (<5%)
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12
Q

Secondary reproductive indices (Targets)

A

First AI to conception interval.

First service conception rate (>40%)

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13
Q

Interdigital dermatitis treatment

A
  • Functional hoof trimming
  • Remove the loose horn, clefts, fissures)
  • Foot bathing after the trimming 5 days
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14
Q

Interdigital Phlegmone

Causes + Symp

A 
Cause: 
-	Fusobacterium necrophorum, 
-	Prevotella intermed. (Dichelobact. Nod.) 
-	Staphylococcus Aureus
Symptoms:
-	Severe lameness 
-	Red tough, skin between the ID space
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15
Q

Laminitis

Causes + Symp

A 
Causes: 
o	The metabolic disorder of the corium – direct result of acidosis 
o	Laminitis occurs because of increasing histamine concentration in the rumen
Symptoms: 
o	Convex wall 
o	Discoloration of the sole 
o	White line separations 
o	Double sole
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16
Q

Sole ulcer

Causes + Symp

A

Causes: overburdening of affected claws, Interdigital dermatitis
Symptoms: More or less severe lameness. The corium and the horny shoe are disconnected - corium comes out

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17
Q

Sole ulcer

Prevention

A

Regular hoof trimming, both claws have to be on the same level treatment

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18
Q 
Dermatitis Digitalis (DD) 
Causes
A

Cow discomfort = Stress = feeding troubles (energy, protein, acidosis, alkalosis, loose of body condition)
Hygiene problems:
o Stable comfort
o Overcrowded
o Heat stress
o Dirty boxes, dirty barns Infectious diseases: IBR, BVD

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19
Q 
Dermatitis Digitalis (DD) 
Symptoms
A 
Between the bulbs, Interdigital skin, Front of the coronet, Dew claws 
Inside of the horny shoe
o	Long hair surrounded
o	Strawberry wound 
o	Pus on the wound 
o	Painful - Tip toeing
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20
Q 
Dermatitis Digitalis (DD) 
Scaling
A 
o M0= NO SYMPTOM
o M1=EARLY/subclinical (2 cm-smaller) 
o M2= Ulcerative /painful (2 cm-bigger) 
o M3= Healing, non-painful 
o M4= Chronic, (California type)
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21
Q

Functional Hoof trimming

A
  • Remove the sole height of the overburdened claw. Put the weight to sound claw
  • Remove the sharp horn edges, fissures and small loose parts of the horn especially on the bulb are
22
Q

Interdigital dermatitis- Prevention

A

Functional hoof trimming

23
Q

Interdigital phlegmon IPh - Prevention

A

Regular foot bathing (HCHO, CuSo4, ZnSo4, Glutaraldehyde)
Healthy skin,
Healthy claws, feet

24
Q

Laminitis = L -Prevention

A

Feeding on proper way
In the parturition time proper help to the cow, hygienic calving down
Regular hoof trimming in the dry off period x2/yearly

25
Q

Sole ulcer = SU - Prevention

A
  • Regular hoof trimming
  • Demotec 90/95/easy block application
  • Bovimix/Bovibond block application - glue
26
Q

Dermatitis digitalis (DD) – Prevention

A
  • Factor disease → eliminate all the possible factors
  • Avoid Cow discomfort - Stress - feeding troubles (energy, protein, acidosis,
  • alkalosis, loose of body condition)
  • Look out for a good hygiene, Stable comfort, no too many cows in one group
  • Avoid Heat stress
27
Q

Deifnition of Mastitis

A
  • Inflammation of the udder
  • Causing agents are mostly microorganisms
  • Other reasons can be in the background (mechanical, chemical etc.)
28
Q

Forms of Mastitis:

A
  • Galactophoritis
  • Parenchymal mastitis
  • Interstitial mastitis
29
Q

Clinical Mastitis:

A
  • 20% of all cases
  • Immediately recognizable
  • Local symptoms: redness, swelling, pain heat
  • Systemic signs: fever, anorexia, endotoxaemia, shock
  • Gram negative: coliform mastitis + endotoxins. Watery milk, tachycardia,
  • Diarrhea, weakness, decr rumen motility
  • Staph Aureus: - exotoxin, low survival, high fever, rumen stops, pain,
  • Lameness: Quickly turns gangrenous, bloody milk.
30
Q

Subclinical Mastitis

A
  • 80% of all cases
  • Further tests
  • Change in milk quality and quantity
31
Q

Diagnostics for Mastitis:

A
  • California Mastitis Test (CMT). Discard foremilk. Draw 1 or 2 squirts of milk from each quarter into the paddle. Put CMT reagent and mix. Immediate thickening is positive. No thickening is negative.
  • Somatic Cell Count (SCC)
  • Electrical conductivity
32
Q

Treatment for clinical Mastitis:

A
  • Milk with quarter milker
  • Clean/disinfect liner
  • Mark on sick cow group
  • Milk again at the end with the rest of the sick cows
  • AB treatment: intramammary
  • Other therapy: antipyretics, infusions, cooling creams
33
Q

Treatment for Subclinical Mastitis:

A
  • Not advised during lactation unless bulk tank milk SCC is too high.
  • Use AB free products.
  • Dry cow therapy: selective
34
Q

Factors affecting the development of mastitis:

A 
Cow: udder shape, lenght and suspension. Immune system (IgA + IgG)
Feeding
Husbandry
Milking
Environment
35
Q

Contagious mastitis pathogens

A
  • Streptococcus Agalactia
  • Staphylococcus Aureus
  • Mycoplasma spp
  • Corynebacterium bovis
36
Q

Control of contagious mastitis pathogens

A
  • Reduction of predisposing factors (skin lesions, milking machine)
  • Help the immune system (No deficiencies, no metabolic disorders )
  • Metabolic profile test - Prevent new infection
  • Maintain hygiene and use diagnostic methods (Post milking teat dip)
  • Eliminate reservoirs of disease
  • Vaccinate: S.aureus
  • Separate infected cows + Treat infected cows properly
37
Q

Environmental mastitis pathogens

A

Streptococcus uberis
Gram negative bacteria – Coliform mastitis: E.coli, Klebsiella spp
Yeasts and Moulds: (Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida)

38
Q

Elimination of environmental Mastitis predisposing factors

A 
Hygiene in barns/parlor 
Group density 
Feeding after milking 
Hoof care 
Eliminate metabolic disorders and deficiencies
Reduce Stress
39
Q

In-between mastitis pathogens

A

Streptococcus dysgalactiae
Coagulase negative staphylococci
• S. epidermidis, S. hyicus, S. chromogenes, S. simulans S. warneri
Prototheca zopfii - Algae

40
Q

How to take a milk sample

A
  • Teat preparation
  • Fore strip
  • Teat end disinfection – inner teats first
  • Keep the tubes and the caps sterile
  • Tube not vertically, horizontally then 45°C
  • Few squirts of milk – inner teats last
  • Closing the tube
41
Q

Antibiogram

A

Is an overall profile of antimicrobial susceptibility testing results of a specific microorganism to a battery of antimicrobial drugs

42
Q

Important Goat breeds:

A
  • Saanen (milk)
  • Nubian (milk)
  • Alpine (milk)
  • Boer (meat)
43
Q

Common diseases of goats:

A
  • Enterotoxaemia: Cl. perfringens C/D
  • Tetanus: Cl. Tetany
    • Sore mouth
    • Internal & external parasites
    • Respiratory diseases
    • Pseudotuberculosis
    • Listeriosis
    • Caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE)
    • Mastitis
    • White muscle disease
44
Q

Main GOAT reproductive parameters

A
  • Estrus cycle influenced by length of the day. Start estrus in autumn. 21d long cycle, 3 days heat.
  • Maturation: 4-5 months - 1st breeding: 7-12 months - Pregnancy: 5 months
  • Lifetime of productivity: does 8 years, bucks 5 years.
45
Q

Herd health procedures for adult does:

A
  • Trim feet - Treat foot rot and separate the infected.
  • Deworming
  • Palpate outside of mouth for jagged teeth
  • Palpate udders for mastitis
  • Vaccinate for Clostridium perfringens C and tetanus
46
Q

Herd health procedures for adult bucks:

A
  • Palpate testicles for firmness. Mushy may mean infertility. Measure scrotal circumference. Goal: >25cm.
  • Check BCS (1-5)
  • Vaccinate against Clostridia diseases.
  • Trim beard to decrease urine smell
  • Trim feet
47
Q

Herd Health Procedures for Kids

A
  • ID + Disinfect navel
  • Colostrum: 40ml/kg BW in the first 4hrs of life
  • Heat lamp if weak
  • Examine for congenital defects: entropion, cleft palate, contracted tendons
  • Kids lying down should be made to rise.
  • Vit E and Se injection if there is a Se deficiency
48
Q

Herd Health Procedures for kids:

A

1st week: dehorning, castration.
3rd week: check for anaemia.
4th week: Vaccine for Cl.perfringens C, D, tetanus.
Coccidiostatic treatment. FAMACHA score to determine need for deworming
3 months: separate intact males from females.

49
Q

Principles of nutritional management (GOAT):

A

•Changes in feeds have to be introduced gradually
•Nutrition should be based on roughages, but concentrate supplementation needed in the periods such as:
o Before breeding seasons (Flushing),
o 3rd trimester of the pregnancy
o 1st three weeks of lactation

50
Q

Sheep breeds:

A

Wool breeds
- Fine wool breed: Merino
- Long wool breed: Border Leichester, Borderdal, Cotswold, Lincoln, Romney
- Hair breeds: Barbados
Meat breeds:
- Suffolk, Charolaise, Texel, Cheviot, Hampshire, Dorset
Milk:
- British milk sheep, Awassi
Prolific breeds:
- Boorola Merino, Finn Landrace, Romanov Sheep

51
Q

Five separate management operations (Sheep):

A

Restoration
- After weaning the whole flock should be carefully examined and placed into one group.
- During 6 weeks of restoration good feeding is needed
Ram preparation
- Begins at least 6 weeks before the mating season
Flock assembly
- 2 weeks before flushing the flock should be assembled
Flushing
- Aim is to achieve increasing weight before mating
Flushing
- Aim is to achieve increasing weight before mating
Mating
- Marker systems should always be used: color pads with harness, greasy paints on chest

AH Final (2 decks)

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