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History: Germany > Ruling the Second Reich 1871-79 > Flashcards

Ruling the Second Reich 1871-79 Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the German Confederation set up?

A

1815

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2
Q

How many states was the Holy Roman Empire reduced to, to form the German Confederation?

A

From 360 to 39

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3
Q

What did Prussia introduce which Austria did not join, allowing Prussia to hold more power in the German Cofederation?

A

Free-trade area or Zollverein

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4
Q

Who was the leader of Prussia? When did they enter office?

A

Otto von Bismarck
1862

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5
Q

What was Bismarck’s main aim?

A

Unite all other German states under Prussian leadership and exclude Austria from German affairs

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6
Q

What did Bismarck famously say about unification?

A

Unification would not be bought about “by speeches and the resolutions of majorities but by blood and iron”

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7
Q

When were the unification wars in Germany?

A

1864
1866
1870-71

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8
Q

Which states had there own Kings?

A

Bavaria, Saxony and Württemberg

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9
Q

How were states divided by religion?

A

South and West were Catholic -Bavaria
North and East were Protestant - Prussia

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10
Q

What was the issue with forming the German Confederation?

A

-A loose collection of states whose only cooperation was trade and a common defence policy
-All had own sovereignty and weren’t used to being controlled by another power
-Most didn’t consider themselves ethnically German

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11
Q

Who ruled the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein?

A

Danes

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12
Q

What was the Schleswig-Holstein issue?

A

The Danes wanted Schleswig but Germany wanted both

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13
Q

Who was the new Danish King who incorporated Schleswig into Denmark, and when?

A

Christian IX
1863

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14
Q

Who did the Germans want as ruler of the title of Duke of Schleswig-Holstein?

A

Frederick, Duke of Augustenburg

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15
Q

What had been the agreement over Schleswig-Holstein?

A

War in 1848 agreed that the Danish King would rule the region but not incorporate it into Denmark

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16
Q

How was the Schleswig-Holstein agreement violated?

A

-Prussia and Austria formed an alliance in 1864, response to Christian IX incorporating the region into Denmark
-Prussia and Austria received the region

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17
Q

Which areas of Schleswig-Holstein did Austria and Prussia gain?

A

Austria = Holstein
Prussia = Schleswig

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18
Q

When did Austria and Prussia go to war? Over what?

A

June-July 1866 (7 weeks war)
Over the Schleswig-Holstein affair

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19
Q

Who won between Austria and Prussia? Where was the decisive battle?

A

Prussia won
Battle of Koniggratz

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20
Q

What treaty led to the creation of a German state (North German Confederation)?

A

Treaty of Prague

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21
Q

Which 4 states remained independent of the North German Confederation?

A

Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden and Hesse-Darmstadt

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22
Q

Fraction of Germans in the North German Confederation?

A

2/3

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23
Q

Who did the Spanish offer their throne to, and when, which upset the French?

A

Prussian Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern
1870

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24
Q

Why did the French dislike the Spanish throne being ruled by a Prussian?

A

Fearful of being surrounded by Prussian influence

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25
Q

When was the Franco-Prussian war?

A

1870-71

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26
Q

Where were the French defeated and when?

A

Battle of Sedan
September 1870

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27
Q

Where and when did some French revolutionaries continue fighting?

A

Paris
Until January 1871

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28
Q

When and where was German unification declared, forming the German Empire?

A

18th January 1871
Palace of Versailles

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29
Q

Where else did Bismarck take as compensation for the war with France?

A

Alsace-Lorraine
£200 000

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30
Q

Who was Prussia’s leader in the Austro-Prussian war?

A

General Moltke

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31
Q

How many more troops did Austria have than Prussia in the Austro-Prussian war?

A

400 000 troops = Austria
300 000 troops = Prussia

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32
Q

What was the role of the Kaiser?

A

-Appoint or dismiss government/Chancellor
-Could dissolve or summon the Reichstag
-Controlled foreign policy and armed forces
-Could interpret the constitution

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33
Q

Who elected the members of the Reichstag, and how often?

A

All men over 25
Every 5 years

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34
Q

What was the main power of the Reichstag?

A

Control over the budget

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35
Q

Who mainly made up members in the Reichstag?

A

Junkers - members weren’t paid so independent wealth was required

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36
Q

What fraction of representation did the Junkers receive, despite making up what % of people?

A

1/3 of votes
5% of people

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37
Q

What was the role of the Chancellor?

A

-Proposed new laws to the Reichstag
-Not dependent on Reichstag support to stay in power - could ignore them
-Chaired the Bundesrat

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38
Q

How many members in the Bundesrat and how were they elected?

A

58 members
Nominated by state (Lander) assemblies

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39
Q

Where were the Bundesrat members from?

A

17 = Prussia
6 = Bavaria
Smaller states had 1 each

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40
Q

What was the main power of the Bundesrat?

A

Could veto legislation passed by the Reichstag with just 14 votes

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41
Q

Name the 4 main political parties at this time?

A

National Liberals
Centre Party (Catholics)
German Conservative Party
SAPD

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42
Q

When were the SAPD banned and why?

A

1878
Failed attempt to assassinate the Kaiser

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43
Q

When did the SAPD return? How many members did they have?

A

1890
1 million members

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44
Q

Who were the National Liberals?

A

Party of the Protestant middle class - main priority was to build a strong German state, and second aim was to build a liberal constitutional state - backed Bismarck up to 1878

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45
Q

Who were the SAPD?

A

Socialist workers’ party with close links to trade union fought for social reforms

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46
Q

Who were the German conservative party?

A

Mainly Prussian landowners (Junkers)
Disliked unification an supported Bismarck after 1878

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47
Q

Fraction of the new German Empire who were Catholic?

A

1/3

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48
Q

How many royal rulers were there in the 1870s?

A

22

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49
Q

What happened to these royal rulers under the new constitution?

A

Integrated the royal families of the former German Confederation under the rule of the Kaiser, but were still given substantial powers - move towards a federal state but still maintained some regional autonomy to maintain freedom and ownership

50
Q

What systems were standardised under the new constitution?

A

-Standard measurements and weights, and a single currency (mark)
-National legal system
-National civil service
-German railways system linked states

51
Q

When was the German flag finally created?

A

1892

52
Q

Which 4 states’ armies made up the German army?

A

Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony and Württemberg

53
Q

How many Lander were there under the 1871 constitution?

A

25

54
Q

Which German Lander was very reactionary and didn’t have an elected assembly until 1918?

A

Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

55
Q

Which German Lander was very liberal in its constitution?

A

Bavaria

56
Q

What did Lander maintain control over?

A

Education, transport, direct taxation, policing and health

57
Q

What were the Southern states in Germany allowed to retain unlike the Northern ones, due to Bismarck having made deals with the South?

A

Own railways and postal systems
Exempt from taxes on beer and spirits

58
Q

What policies did the federal government set out?

A

National tariffs
Controlled banking system
Set German foreign and economic policy

59
Q

% of people in the lowest tax bracket, with what fraction of voting power?

A

85%
Could elect 1/3 of Parliament

60
Q

Who was the Chancellor of Germany between 1894-1900? Why was this significant?

A

Bavarian, Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe- Schillingsfurst

61
Q

Who did the National Liberals mainly represent?

A

Educated and wealthy middle class
Did well in Saxony, Hanover, Baden and the industrial Rhineland
Mouthpiece of Prussian dominance

62
Q

Where was the Z party’s strongest support from?

A

Bavaria, Baden, Rhineland, Silesia and Polish population in eastern Prussia

63
Q

Who did the National Groups represent?

A

Poles, Danes and French that lived in Germany

64
Q

% of vote won by the National Groups in 1874?

A

10%

65
Q

% of vote the SAPD attracted during the 1870s?

A

7%

66
Q

How long were German men conscripted into the army for?

A

2-3 years

67
Q

What was the idea behind compulsory conscription?

A

Instil Prussian values of discipline, loyalty, pride in the military and patriotism

68
Q

Who and when agreed that the military budget should remain fixed outside of Reichstag control until when?

A

Bismarck and the National Liberals in 1867
Until 1872

69
Q

When was the fixed budget extended to following the Franco-Prussia war?

A

1874

70
Q

How large an army would be automatically financed by federal expenditure under the law in 1874?

A

400 000 men

71
Q

% of federal expenditure spent on the army?

A

80%

72
Q

Military budgets were fixed for how long at a time?

A

7 years at a time

73
Q

Who led the National Liberals?

A

Rudolf von Bennigsen

74
Q

What did the National Liberals believe in?

A

-Free trade
-Single economic system with no protectionist policies

75
Q

% of vote the National Liberals had in 1871?

A

30.1%

76
Q

% of vote the National Liberals had in 1874?

A

29.7%

77
Q

Why did Bismarck work with the National Liberals?

A

-Wanted to keep the educated, middle class voters happy and distracted from his resistance to greater democracy
-Both feared the Catholic support for the Z party - seen as threat to national unity

78
Q

When and why did tensions between Bismarck and the National Liberals develop?

A

Mid-1870s
Bismarck refused to extend parliamentary power in the Reichstag - particularly on the left-wing of the party

79
Q

What did Bismarck do following an economic crash, when?

A

Decided to try and split the National Liberals to work with the more right-wing members
Crash in 1873

80
Q

What did Bismarck introduce which saw the National Liberal’s vote slump to what and when?

A

-Introduction of tariffs to protect German farmers and industry which opposed the free trade ideology
-23.1% in 1878

81
Q

When did the National Liberals split completely? What further event allowed this?

A

August 1880 into the Conservative National Liberal Party and Liberal Union
Further tariff bill in 1879

82
Q

When and with who did the Liberal Union merge to form the German Free-Minded Party?

A

1884
Progressive Party

83
Q

What was the downside to the National Liberals splitting?

A

Bismarck found it increasingly difficult to gain support for policies in the Reichstag, particularly as he openly opposed the Z Party, who were now the largest party

84
Q

When was the Syllabus of Errors? What did it do?

A

1864
Introduced to reassert the spiritual dominance of the Pope, who would control education, culture, science and religion

85
Q

When was the Dogma of Papal Infallibility? What did it do?

A

1870
Introduced to reassert Papal dominance and his temporal power - his word was indisputable

86
Q

What was the aim of the Centre Party in the new Germany?

A

-Protect the rights of the Catholic minority
-Wanted continued independence of Church institutions and opposed secularisation in education and marriage
-Less centralised Germany that gave greater autonomy to the German states

87
Q

Why was Bismarck so concerned by the Centre Party?

A

-Suspicious of Catholic supporting population as they had sided with Austria in the 1866 war
-Church encouraged Polish language teaching and wanted a war with Italy - against Bismarck’s 1 language ideology and ally of Italy
-Encouraged separate identities which opposed a united and loyal Germany

88
Q

What were German Catholic politicians and priests known as towards the state?

A

‘Enemies of the state’ or Reichsfeinde

89
Q

What was the Kulturkampf?

A

Campaign against Catholic institutions and power in Germany, to supress them

90
Q

When and what were the Prussian May Laws?

A

1873
Laws established state control over the Catholic Church - power over education and appointment of priests - failed so further measures introduced

91
Q

When and what were the Bread Basket Law?

A

1875
Withdrew financial support from any priest who did not declare support and loyalty to the German state

92
Q

What other measures came under the Kulturkampf?

A

-Church property removed
-Clergy not appointed by the German state were expelled from Germany
-State authorities to inspect Catholic schools
-Ban Jesuit order from Germany

93
Q

How many priests were jailed or exiled, and how many Reichsmarks worth of Church land was seized, by what year?

A

1800 priests
16 million Reichsmarks
By 1879

94
Q

How much did the Z Party vote increase by due to the Kulturkampf? Between which years?

A

From 18.6% to 27.9%
Between 1871-74

95
Q

Why did the Kulturkampf fail?

A

-Persecution reinforced Catholic separation from the state
-Strengthened overall Catholic support
-Ostracising Catholic population made them more defensive and removed from German culture

96
Q

What % more likely were Protestant males to go to university than Catholic males?

A

50% more

97
Q

When did the Kulturkampf end?

A

1879

98
Q

Why did the Kulturkampf end?

A

-Not politically helpful to Bismarck - losing support of population and of the Kaiser
-Needed support from the Z Party to introduce protectionist policies as the National Liberals split
-New Pope more willing to compromise and talk

99
Q

Who replaced Pope Pius IX after he died in 1878?

A

Pope Leo XIII

100
Q

What was the Sonderweg?

A

German way of life

101
Q

What national holiday was celebrated in Germany for their victory at the Battle of Sedan, over the French?

A

Sedantag

102
Q

Why was this national holiday so disliked by the Southern states?

A

Many Southern states were not involved so preferred to celebrate victories over France they had contributed to

103
Q

Why was this national holiday so disliked by socialists?

A

Viewed as a celebration of Prussian militarism and refused to recognise it

104
Q

What was the focus on German nationalism known as?

A

Reichsdeutsche identity

105
Q

How were schools important in creating nationalism?

A

-Required to teach nationalism
-Student textbooks proclaimed the glory of the Kaiser
-Aim to engrain nationalism in the psyche to create a homogenous nation

106
Q

What did Bismarck use to declare that socialism was a threat to the German nation?

A

2 assassination attempts on Wilhelm I despite the assassins having no connection to socialism

107
Q

How much did the vote of the National Liberal and SAPD decrease by in 1878?

A

Lost 130 000 votes or 29 seats = NL
Votes fell from 493 000 to 312 000 = SAPD

108
Q

When and what law did Bismarck pass as anti-socialist legislation?

A

October 1878
Law for Combating the Criminal Aims of Social Democracy

109
Q

What did the anti-socialist Law for Combating the Criminal Aims of Social Democracy outline?

A

Prohibited socialist meetings and gave police the power to randomly search, arrest and exile socialist politicians

110
Q

How many socialist imprisoned between 1878-90?

A

1500

111
Q

What did the SAPD return as? How many seats and members by 1890?

A

SPD
35 seats and 1 million members

112
Q

Why did Bismarck fear the French recovery by 1875?

A

-The new French government was a more aggressive Royalist one
-Thought they may encourage Catholic opposition to Germany
-French had not stopped French Catholic bishops from attacking the Kulturkampf

113
Q

What organisation was set up in France in 1873 which increased the number of French infantry battalions to what?

A

French Army Organisational Law
Increased battalions from 3 to 4

114
Q

How many trained men would France have ready to use? What was this an increase of?

A

800 000 trained men
Increase of 80 000

115
Q

Who considered a preventative war against France, which was dismissed?

A

General von Moltke

116
Q

Which newspaper and when printed an article suggesting a Catholic conspiracy of the French and Austrians uniting against Germany?

A

Kolnische Zeitung
5th April 1875

117
Q

Which newspaper and when questioned a ‘war in sight’?

A

The Berliner Post
9th April 1875

118
Q

Who visited Germany, and with those support, to discuss private talks with the Kaiser over the alarm of another war?

A

Tsar Alexander II with the support of Queen Victoria

119
Q

Which Russian Chancellor told the press he felt peace was ensured?

A

Alexander Gorchakov

120
Q

When was the Three Emperors League set up, between which countries? Why was it weakened?

A

1873
Germany, Austro-Hungary and Russia
Weakened by the poor relations between Germany and Russia - increasing unease about the diplomatic goals of Germany

History: Germany (7 decks)

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