A New Reich 1933-35 Flashcards
What were the potential limits to Hitlers Power?
Chancellor of Weimar Germany
Cross-Party Cabinet
Only three Nazis in the Cabinet: Hitler (Chancellor), Wilhelm Frick (Minister of the Interior), and Hermann Goring (Minister without Portfolio)
How much did the Nazis poll in Berlin compared to on a national level (1932 election)?
Polled 22.5% in Berlin compared to 33.1% on a national level
What three reasons did the Nazis have for not completely destroying Weimar Germany and creating a new Germany?
German bureaucracy was efficient/staffed by educated people
Nazis party membership increased threefold from 1935
Hitler unclear how to solve the issue of the party and the state
Which group within the Nazi party diluted the radical influence?
The ‘March Converts’
When did the ‘March Converts’ join the Nazi Party?
January-March 1933
Which Nazi Law removed Jews and political opponents from professional positions?
The Law for the restoration of the Professional Civil Service
When was the Law for the restoration of the Professional Civil Service
April 7th 1933
What year did Hitler give Rudolf Hess and Martin Bormann more political power and influence?
1934
What position did Hitler give Rudolf Hess?
Deputy for Party Affairs
What position did Hitler give Martin Bormann?
Chief of Staff
When was Hitler made Chancellor?
January 30th 1933
What was Hitler’s first action as Chancellor?
Called new elections for 5th March 1933
How many extra police did Goring enrol during the five-week campaign for the March 1933 election?
Extra 50,000
What groups were most of Goring’s new police force from?
SA and SS
How many people died during the five-week campaign for the March 1933 elections?
69 people
Who did Hitler blame for problems in Germany? When was this?
Communists, Speech ‘Appeal to the German People’ January 31st 1933
When did Hitler meet with industrialists about financial backing?
20th February 1933, 20 industrialists
How many Reichsmarks was Hitler promised by Industrialists in 1933?
3 million Reichsmarks
When was the Reichstag Fire?
27th February 1933
Who was arrested in connection to the Reichstag Fire?
Dutch Communist, Marinus van der Lubbe
What law was passed and signed by Hindenburg on the 28th February?
Decree of the Reich President for the Protection of the Nation and the State
What did the ‘Decree for the Protection of the People and State’ do?
Triggered Article 48
Suspended constitutional civil rights
Gave the secret police power to hold people indefinitely in protective custody
Repressed the KPD
What was the turnout at the 5th of March 1933 election?
88% of population
How much of the vote did the Nazis win in the March 1933 elections? How many seats?
43.9% of the vote 288 seats
How large a majority was needed in the Reichstag?
Two-thirds majority
What was Hitler’s biggest inter-party problem after the March 1933 election?
Momentum build-up in the lower ranks of the Party (SA)/ threatened to destroy Hitler’s veneer of legality.
When was Potsdam Day?
21st March 1933
Why was Potsdam Day a significant triumph for the Nazis?
Aligned the forces of National Socialism with the forces of old Germany and showed he had control of the radical elements of his party. Gained support of Hindenburg.
What law did Hitler pass on the same day as Potsdam? What did it do?
Malicious Practices Law - banned criticism of the regime and its policies
When and where was the Enabling Act passed?
23rd March 1933
Intimidated Reichstag in the Kroll Opera House
Which group was banned from the meeting on the Enabling Act? Which group surrounded the building to cause intimidation?
Communists were banned
SA surrounded the building
Which groups’ support was needed to pass the Enabling Act? What did Hitler promise to them?
Z Party
Promised to respect the rights of the Catholic Church and uphold moral and religious values
How many votes were in favour and against the Enabling Act, when it was passed?
Passed 444 votes to 94
(Only the SPD voted against)
How many SA were there by the end of 1933?
3 million
What was the aim of the Gleichschaltung?
Gradual assimilation of all aspects of the state into the Nazi Party
Why did many German citizens join Nazi organisations?
Believed that socialism and communism were a great threat to German society
What did Goebbels use to suppress anti-Nazi messages?
Press, radio, and films to disseminate their messages
How did the Nazis impose a totalitarian regime over the German people?
Used violence, pseudo-legality, propaganda, and the Gleichschaltung
When was Kopenick Blood Week?
21st-26th June 1933
What group were attacked during Kopenick Blood Week?
SPD
How many SPD members were tortured during Kopenick Blood Week?
500
How many of those tortured by SS, SA, and the Gestapo during Kopenick Blood Week died?
23
When was the SPD dissolved? Where did key member flee to?
22 June 1933, Prague
Who was the leader of the DNVP? Why did he resign?
Alfred Hugenburg, protest against the Nazis trying to dissolve his party
When was the Concordat Agreement between the Vatican and the Nazis?
20th July, 1933
What did the Concordat Agreement do?
The Nazis would respect Catholic institutions if they refrained from political activity. Z party dissolved.
What law was passed which banned the formation of new parties? When?
14 July 1933, Law against the Formation of New Parties
Why did other parties dissolve themselves before the Law against the Formation of New Parties?
Believed Hitler would only last a year maximum and that he would lack long-term support for his regime.
What union was dissolved due to the Concordat Agreement?
Popular Christian Union
How many members did the Socialist trade union have by 1933? How did they survive?
4 million members, removed association with SPD and co-operate with the Nazis, Nazis agreed to this.
When was the ‘Day of National Labour Holiday’?
1st May 1933
What did the Nazis do the day after the ‘Day of National Labour Holiday’?
SA raided the trade union offices and arrested trade union leaders.
When was the DAF formed?
6th May 1933
Who was the leader of the DAF trade union?
Robert Ley
How many members did the DAF have in 1933 and how many in 1939?
5 million in 1933 to 22 million in 1939
What did Article 2 of the Reichstag Fire Decrees enable the Nazis to do?
Take control of any state that could not control law and order.
How did Hitler activate Article 2 in most states?
From March 1933 SA and SS caused disorder to gain control in states
By what date were all regional and local governments under Nazi control?
31st March 1933
What law was passed on the 31st March 1933?
Law for Co-ordination of Lander
What did the Law for Co-ordination of Lander do?
Allowed Nazi governors (Gauleiter) to implement laws/administer without state consultation or parliamentary consent
In what year was the SS formed? What was their purpose?
1925, elite bodyguard for Hitler
How many member did the SS have before 1929?
250 members, minor section of the SA
How many SS soldiers were there by 1933? What was their reputation?
52,000 established a reputation of obedience and total commitment to the Nazi cause
What was the name of Himmler’s special security service? When?
SD (Sicherheitsdienst), 1931 internal party police force
In what years did Himmler assume control of police in the Lander and the Gestapo in Prussia?
1933-34
By what year were all police power unified under Himmler’s control?
1936
By year were all parties and police organisations amalgamated into one organisation? What was it called?
1939, RSHA
How many SS were there by 1939?
250,000
By how much did the Waffen SS increase by from 1939 to 1945?
From 3 divisions in 1939 to 35 divisions in 1945
By what year did the SS rival the power of the German military?
1944
How large a commercial organisation had the SS created by the end of the war? How many firms?
150 firms exploiting slave labour to extract raw material and to manufacture textiles, armaments, and household goods.
Between 1933-45 what percentage of the population of Wurzburg reported race crimes to the Gestapo?
57%
Between 1933-45 what percentage of the population of Wurzburg were arrested after Gestapo observation?
0.5%
How many Gestapo officials were there in Wurzburg, covering a population of how many?
28 Gestapo officials covering 1 million people
How many Gestapo officials were there by 1942 nationally?
30,000
How many SD officers were there by 1939?
50,000
By July 1933 how many political prisoners were there in Germany?
26,000
How many people were detained for resistance in Germany?
800,000
Between 1933-39 how many people were sentenced to how many years imprisonment for political offences?
225,000 people sentenced to 600,000 years; imprisonment
How many people were legally executed between 1933-45?
32,000 legally executed
In large cities like Frankfurt and Hamburg how many Gestapo agents were there?
Between 40-50 agents
How much did the average paid holiday increase between 1933 and 1939
From 3 days in 1933 to between 6-12 days in 1939
In November 1933 what was created to improve workers’ leisure opportunities?
Kraft durch Freude (KdF)
How many KdF holidays were taken in 1938?
10 million
In 1938 the DAF organised what scheme for working people?
Volkswagen scheme
How much did it cost to subscribe to the Volkswagen scheme?
5 marks a week to a fund eventually allowing them to acquire a car
What was the main aim of the Volkswagen scheme?
Boosting savings and cutting domestic expenditure
What happened to the Volkswagen scheme by 1939?
Switched to military production, no worker ever received a car
From 1936 what did the DAF offer to working people? How many attended?
Vocational training courses, Ordensburg Nazi Party training school - 2.5 million attended
What position was introduced that was responsible for regulating working conditions, holidays, and wages in 1933?
Trustees of Labour
How many Trustees of Labour were created in 1933?
12
What organisation stemmed from a voluntary scheme under the Weimar Republic?
RAD (Reich Labour Service)
When was the RAD introduced?
June 1935
What did the RAD make compulsory for men aged 19-25?
6 months labour service
When was 6 months compulsory labour under the RAD program extended to women?
1939
Who was the leader of the SA in 1934?
Ernst Rohm
Why did Hitler decide to purge the SA?
Rohm started a second Nazi revolution conspiracy and wanted to Nazify society at a quicker rate than Hitler which could lead to the threat of revolution.
Anti-capitalist more than expected, a continuation of public violence was growing in unpopularity, particularly among the middle-classes who were supportive of Hitler.
By 1939 how many male worker were unemployed out of a population of how many?
35,000 of 25 million
How many foreign workers were there in Germany by 1939?
435,000
What was the average wage for a worker a week by 1936? How much more than dole money received?
35 marks a week, ten times more than the dole money which 6 million had received.
When were the Berlin Olympics?
1936
How much money was spent on the Olympic stadium in Berlin? How many could it seat?
42 million RM, seated 110,000 people
Which company did Goebbels bring all radio under?
Reich Radio Compnay
What percentage of radio staff were sacked on racial grounds and replaced by sympathetic Germans?
13%
How many Germans had a radio in 1932? What was the figure by 1939?
1932 - Less than 25%
1939- 70% of Germans
How many daily newspapers were there when the Nazis took control of Germany?
4700 daily newspaperr
What was the name of the Nazi publishing house?
Eher Verlag
What fraction of newspapers were controlled by Eher Verlag by 1939?
2/3
What law was introduced in 1933 which meant newspaper contents were the responsibility of the editor?
The Editor Law of October 1933
What was the most popular Nazi newspaper by 1944? How many readers?
Volkisher Beobachter - 1.7 million readers
How many writers left Germany between 1933-45? Who were the three most notable individuals?
2500 writers - Mann, Brecht, and Remarque
How many propaganda films were made in Germany between 1933-45
1097 films
How many times did Hitler’s cabinet meet in 1933 and what was this figure by 1936?
1932 - 72 times
1936 - 4 times
When was Hitler’s last cabinet meeting?
1938
What was judiciary in 1930’s Germany like?
Hostile to the old system of Weimar, ultra-conservative and biased against the left in favour of the right
How did Hitler reduce the power of the cabinet?
Were not allowed to vote on legislation
Enabling Act allowed the Chancellor to enact legislation agreed upon by the cabinet without needing the President’s signature
Who was the leader of Order of the Death’s Head?
Sepp Dietrich
How many members did the Order of the Death’s Head have by 1934?
2,000 members
When did President Hindenburg die?
2nd August 1934
What did Hitler do in response to Hindenburg’s death?
Merged the offices of the Chancellor and the President and took the new title of Fuhrer
What values did the Nazis reject? Which concept instead did they uphold?
Communism, Liberalism, and Christianity and instead upheld the concept of Volksgemeinschaft
What was the purpose of Volksgemeinschaft?
Overcome old German divisions of class, religion, and politics and bring about a collective national identity by encouraging people to work together but on the Nazi ideas of race and struggle
When was the Hitler Youth created?
1926
In what year were all youth groups taken over by the Hitler Youth? Which group was excluded from this?
1933, expect Catholic one which were protected under the Concordat Agreement
What organisation was formed in 1931 to manage social wellbeing?
NSV (National Socialist People’s Welfare)
How many members did the NSV have by 1935?
4.4 million
In 1934, in 1 month how many milk bottles, grocery parcels, and baby clothes did the NSV distribute?
Milk Bottles - 25,800
Grocery parcels - 1,500
Baby Clothes - 172 sets
What incentives were given to women in Germany to have a child between 1933-39?
Marriage loans, birth grants, and improved maternity services
What was the Lebensborn programme
Welfare to unmarried mothers, encouraged anonymous births by unmarried women at their maternity homes, and mediated adoption of children.
Between 1933-44 how many children were born under the Lebensborn programme
11,000 children
How much was a marriage loan if you were unemployed women in Nazi Germany?
600 RM
What law was issued on marriage rights in 1935?
October 1935 Blood Protection Law
What did the October 1935 Blood Protection Law do?
Marriage to Jews, Black people, and gypsies forbidden
How many marriages were there in 1932, and how many were there in 1934?
1932: 516,000
1934: 740,000
What was infant mortality rates in 1933 and what did they drop to by 1936?
1933: 7.7%
1936: 6.6%
What percentage of women were enrolled into university under the Nazis?
10% and almost dropped to 0% negligible
What two acts reduced female employment? What years?
1933 Women in top civil service and medical jobs dismissed
1936 Banned from being judges, lawyers
When was the National Socialist Teachers’ League (NSLB) established?
1929
By 1937 what percentage of teachers were part of the NSLB? How many had been on a 1-month course?
97%, 2/3 on a special 1-month course on Nazi ideology
What percentage of the curricula was physical education given?
15%
What were the three elite types of schools for boys?
Napolas, Adolf Hitler school, and Ordensburgen
How many Napolas, Adolf Hitler schools, and Ordensburgen’s were there?
Napolas - 21
Adolf Hitler School - 10
Ordensburgen - 3
What percentage of teachers were members of the Nazi Party by 1936?
32%
How many teacher vacancies were there by 1938? How many graduating from training colleges?
8000 vacancies and 2500 graduating from training college
How many children aged 10-18 were members of the Hitler Youth by 1932?
200,000
How many children aged 10-18 were members of the Hitler Youth by 1938?
7,100,000
Who was the leader of the Hitler Youth?
Baldur Von Schirach
What was the name of the Boys 14-18 youth groups?
Hitler Youth (HJ)
What was the name of the Girls 14-18 youth groups?
League of German Girls (BDM)
Between 1935-37 how many HJ members attended camps?
973,803
In 1937 how many BDM members attended camps?
96,699
In 1935 how many HJ and BDM attended a rally in Nuremberg? How many fifteen to eighteen-year-olds became pregnant?
100,000, 900 fifteen to eighteen-year-olds became pregnant
How many children were needed for the gold, silver, and bronze Mother’s Cross?
4 - Bronze
6 - Silver
8 - Gold
How much did working hours increase between 1933-39 for the rearmament industry?
43 to 47 hours per week from 1933-39
How much did Agricultural production increase from 1928 to 1938?
20%
How many small business owners were under 30 in 1933 and how many by 1939?
1933 - 20%
1939 - 10%
How many small business owners were over 60 in 1933 and how many by 1939?
1933 - 14%
1939 - 19%
What law was introduced to protect small businesses against department stores? When?
Law to Protect Retail Trade (1933) banned the opening of new department stores and taxed the existing ones
When was the Boycott of Jewish Shops?
1st April 1933
Why was there a Boycott of Jewish Shops?
SA rampaging against Jewish businesses and people, Hitler order a boycott of Jewish shops to suppress the SA violence as it was unsettling the general population.
When were the Nuremburg Laws?
1935
Who prompted the idea of the Nuremberg Laws? How?
Reich Doctors’ leader, Gerhard Wagner hinted a new racial policy was imminent. Hitler then switched his foreign policy speech to anti-Jewish legislation leading to the Nuremberg Laws.
Under the Nuremberg Laws, how were Jews attacked?
Illegal for Germans to marry Jews
Jews were barred from employing German women as domestic servants
Jews could not display a German flag
Jews were no longer German citizens but were designated ‘subjects’
How were people classed as Jewish under the Nuremberg Laws?
Anyone with three Jewish grandparents, or two Jewish grandparents if they were a practising Jew, or had a Jewish husband or wife
How many right-wing parties like the Nazi were there by the 1920s?
70
What was an integral part of the Nazi Party due to Hitler?
Anti-Semitism
How many of the 37.3% population that voted Nazi in 1932 in a survey in 1934 did not mention anti-semitism?
60%
How did Goebbels indoctrinate the German people?
Used his power as Minister of Propaganda and Popular Enlightenment.
Censored all aspects of Jewish culture
Newspapers - Der Angriff
Revised school textbooks and teaching material
Why did SA violence decrease in 1936?
Berlin Olympics as acts of violence and physical attacks could lead to international alienation
When did Germany form a union with Austria?
March 1938
How many Jews were attacked in Vienna in 1938?
200,000
What event occurred between the 9-10th November 1938?
Night of Crystal Glass - Kristallnacht
How many Jewish people died, shops attacked, synagogues burned, and how many were deported to concentration camps during Kristallnacht?
Jewish deaths - 100
Shops attacked - 10,000
Synagogues burned - 200
Deportation Concentration camps - 20,000
What was the Nazis excuse for Kristallnacht?
The assassination of Ernst vom Rath, a German diplomat in Paris, killed by Herschel Grynszpan (Jew) 7th November 1938
What was formed in 1938 and by who to fund the emigration of poor Jews?
Central Office for Jewish Emigration, in Vienna by Adolf Eichmann
In the first 6 months after the formation of the Central Office for Jewish Emigration how many were forced to leave?
45,000 people
What was set in January 1939 by Goring? Who was this organisation run by?
Reich Central Office for Jewish Emigration, run by Heydrich and Eichmann
What percentage of the Jewish population left before the start of WWII?
50%
What was the Jewish population in Germany in 1933 and what was it by 1945?
1933 - 503,000
1945 - 20,000
How many Jews emigrated between 1933-39?
257,000 people
