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History: Germany > A New Reich 1933-35 > Flashcards

A New Reich 1933-35 Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the potential limits to Hitlers Power?

A

Chancellor of Weimar Germany

Cross-Party Cabinet

Only three Nazis in the Cabinet: Hitler (Chancellor), Wilhelm Frick (Minister of the Interior), and Hermann Goring (Minister without Portfolio)

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2
Q

How much did the Nazis poll in Berlin compared to on a national level (1932 election)?

A

Polled 22.5% in Berlin compared to 33.1% on a national level

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3
Q

What three reasons did the Nazis have for not completely destroying Weimar Germany and creating a new Germany?

A

German bureaucracy was efficient/staffed by educated people

Nazis party membership increased threefold from 1935

Hitler unclear how to solve the issue of the party and the state

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4
Q

Which group within the Nazi party diluted the radical influence?

A

The ‘March Converts’

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5
Q

When did the ‘March Converts’ join the Nazi Party?

A

January-March 1933

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6
Q

Which Nazi Law removed Jews and political opponents from professional positions?

A

The Law for the restoration of the Professional Civil Service

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7
Q

When was the Law for the restoration of the Professional Civil Service

A

April 7th 1933

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8
Q

What year did Hitler give Rudolf Hess and Martin Bormann more political power and influence?

A

1934

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9
Q

What position did Hitler give Rudolf Hess?

A

Deputy for Party Affairs

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10
Q

What position did Hitler give Martin Bormann?

A

Chief of Staff

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11
Q

When was Hitler made Chancellor?

A

January 30th 1933

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12
Q

What was Hitler’s first action as Chancellor?

A

Called new elections for 5th March 1933

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13
Q

How many extra police did Goring enrol during the five-week campaign for the March 1933 election?

A

Extra 50,000

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14
Q

What groups were most of Goring’s new police force from?

A

SA and SS

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15
Q

How many people died during the five-week campaign for the March 1933 elections?

A

69 people

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16
Q

Who did Hitler blame for problems in Germany? When was this?

A

Communists, Speech ‘Appeal to the German People’ January 31st 1933

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17
Q

When did Hitler meet with industrialists about financial backing?

A

20th February 1933, 20 industrialists

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18
Q

How many Reichsmarks was Hitler promised by Industrialists in 1933?

A

3 million Reichsmarks

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19
Q

When was the Reichstag Fire?

A

27th February 1933

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20
Q

Who was arrested in connection to the Reichstag Fire?

A

Dutch Communist, Marinus van der Lubbe

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21
Q

What law was passed and signed by Hindenburg on the 28th February?

A

Decree of the Reich President for the Protection of the Nation and the State

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22
Q

What did the ‘Decree for the Protection of the People and State’ do?

A

Triggered Article 48

Suspended constitutional civil rights

Gave the secret police power to hold people indefinitely in protective custody

Repressed the KPD

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23
Q

What was the turnout at the 5th of March 1933 election?

A

88% of population

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24
Q

How much of the vote did the Nazis win in the March 1933 elections? How many seats?

A

43.9% of the vote 288 seats

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25
Q

How large a majority was needed in the Reichstag?

A

Two-thirds majority

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26
Q

What was Hitler’s biggest inter-party problem after the March 1933 election?

A

Momentum build-up in the lower ranks of the Party (SA)/ threatened to destroy Hitler’s veneer of legality.

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27
Q

When was Potsdam Day?

A

21st March 1933

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28
Q

Why was Potsdam Day a significant triumph for the Nazis?

A

Aligned the forces of National Socialism with the forces of old Germany and showed he had control of the radical elements of his party. Gained support of Hindenburg.

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29
Q

What law did Hitler pass on the same day as Potsdam? What did it do?

A

Malicious Practices Law - banned criticism of the regime and its policies

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30
Q

When and where was the Enabling Act passed?

A

23rd March 1933
Intimidated Reichstag in the Kroll Opera House

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31
Q

Which group was banned from the meeting on the Enabling Act? Which group surrounded the building to cause intimidation?

A

Communists were banned
SA surrounded the building

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32
Q

Which groups’ support was needed to pass the Enabling Act? What did Hitler promise to them?

A

Z Party
Promised to respect the rights of the Catholic Church and uphold moral and religious values

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33
Q

How many votes were in favour and against the Enabling Act, when it was passed?

A

Passed 444 votes to 94
(Only the SPD voted against)

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34
Q

How many SA were there by the end of 1933?

A

3 million

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35
Q

What was the aim of the Gleichschaltung?

A

Gradual assimilation of all aspects of the state into the Nazi Party

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36
Q

Why did many German citizens join Nazi organisations?

A

Believed that socialism and communism were a great threat to German society

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37
Q

What did Goebbels use to suppress anti-Nazi messages?

A

Press, radio, and films to disseminate their messages

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38
Q

How did the Nazis impose a totalitarian regime over the German people?

A

Used violence, pseudo-legality, propaganda, and the Gleichschaltung

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39
Q

When was Kopenick Blood Week?

A

21st-26th June 1933

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40
Q

What group were attacked during Kopenick Blood Week?

A

SPD

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41
Q

How many SPD members were tortured during Kopenick Blood Week?

A

500

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42
Q

How many of those tortured by SS, SA, and the Gestapo during Kopenick Blood Week died?

A

23

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43
Q

When was the SPD dissolved? Where did key member flee to?

A

22 June 1933, Prague

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44
Q

Who was the leader of the DNVP? Why did he resign?

A

Alfred Hugenburg, protest against the Nazis trying to dissolve his party

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45
Q

When was the Concordat Agreement between the Vatican and the Nazis?

A

20th July, 1933

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46
Q

What did the Concordat Agreement do?

A

The Nazis would respect Catholic institutions if they refrained from political activity. Z party dissolved.

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47
Q

What law was passed which banned the formation of new parties? When?

A

14 July 1933, Law against the Formation of New Parties

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48
Q

Why did other parties dissolve themselves before the Law against the Formation of New Parties?

A

Believed Hitler would only last a year maximum and that he would lack long-term support for his regime.

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49
Q

What union was dissolved due to the Concordat Agreement?

A

Popular Christian Union

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50
Q

How many members did the Socialist trade union have by 1933? How did they survive?

A

4 million members, removed association with SPD and co-operate with the Nazis, Nazis agreed to this.

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51
Q

When was the ‘Day of National Labour Holiday’?

A

1st May 1933

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52
Q

What did the Nazis do the day after the ‘Day of National Labour Holiday’?

A

SA raided the trade union offices and arrested trade union leaders.

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53
Q

When was the DAF formed?

A

6th May 1933

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54
Q

Who was the leader of the DAF trade union?

A

Robert Ley

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55
Q

How many members did the DAF have in 1933 and how many in 1939?

A

5 million in 1933 to 22 million in 1939

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56
Q

What did Article 2 of the Reichstag Fire Decrees enable the Nazis to do?

A

Take control of any state that could not control law and order.

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57
Q

How did Hitler activate Article 2 in most states?

A

From March 1933 SA and SS caused disorder to gain control in states

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58
Q

By what date were all regional and local governments under Nazi control?

A

31st March 1933

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59
Q

What law was passed on the 31st March 1933?

A

Law for Co-ordination of Lander

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60
Q

What did the Law for Co-ordination of Lander do?

A

Allowed Nazi governors (Gauleiter) to implement laws/administer without state consultation or parliamentary consent

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61
Q

In what year was the SS formed? What was their purpose?

A

1925, elite bodyguard for Hitler

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62
Q

How many member did the SS have before 1929?

A

250 members, minor section of the SA

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63
Q

How many SS soldiers were there by 1933? What was their reputation?

A

52,000 established a reputation of obedience and total commitment to the Nazi cause

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64
Q

What was the name of Himmler’s special security service? When?

A

SD (Sicherheitsdienst), 1931 internal party police force

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65
Q

In what years did Himmler assume control of police in the Lander and the Gestapo in Prussia?

A

1933-34

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66
Q

By what year were all police power unified under Himmler’s control?

A

1936

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67
Q

By year were all parties and police organisations amalgamated into one organisation? What was it called?

A

1939, RSHA

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68
Q

How many SS were there by 1939?

A

250,000

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69
Q

By how much did the Waffen SS increase by from 1939 to 1945?

A

From 3 divisions in 1939 to 35 divisions in 1945

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70
Q

By what year did the SS rival the power of the German military?

A

1944

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71
Q

How large a commercial organisation had the SS created by the end of the war? How many firms?

A

150 firms exploiting slave labour to extract raw material and to manufacture textiles, armaments, and household goods.

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72
Q

Between 1933-45 what percentage of the population of Wurzburg reported race crimes to the Gestapo?

A

57%

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73
Q

Between 1933-45 what percentage of the population of Wurzburg were arrested after Gestapo observation?

A

0.5%

74
Q

How many Gestapo officials were there in Wurzburg, covering a population of how many?

A

28 Gestapo officials covering 1 million people

75
Q

How many Gestapo officials were there by 1942 nationally?

A

30,000

76
Q

How many SD officers were there by 1939?

A

50,000

77
Q

By July 1933 how many political prisoners were there in Germany?

A

26,000

78
Q

How many people were detained for resistance in Germany?

A

800,000

79
Q

Between 1933-39 how many people were sentenced to how many years imprisonment for political offences?

A

225,000 people sentenced to 600,000 years; imprisonment

80
Q

How many people were legally executed between 1933-45?

A

32,000 legally executed

81
Q

In large cities like Frankfurt and Hamburg how many Gestapo agents were there?

A

Between 40-50 agents

82
Q

How much did the average paid holiday increase between 1933 and 1939

A

From 3 days in 1933 to between 6-12 days in 1939

83
Q

In November 1933 what was created to improve workers’ leisure opportunities?

A

Kraft durch Freude (KdF)

84
Q

How many KdF holidays were taken in 1938?

A

10 million

85
Q

In 1938 the DAF organised what scheme for working people?

A

Volkswagen scheme

86
Q

How much did it cost to subscribe to the Volkswagen scheme?

A

5 marks a week to a fund eventually allowing them to acquire a car

87
Q

What was the main aim of the Volkswagen scheme?

A

Boosting savings and cutting domestic expenditure

88
Q

What happened to the Volkswagen scheme by 1939?

A

Switched to military production, no worker ever received a car

89
Q

From 1936 what did the DAF offer to working people? How many attended?

A

Vocational training courses, Ordensburg Nazi Party training school - 2.5 million attended

90
Q

What position was introduced that was responsible for regulating working conditions, holidays, and wages in 1933?

A

Trustees of Labour

91
Q

How many Trustees of Labour were created in 1933?

A

12

92
Q

What organisation stemmed from a voluntary scheme under the Weimar Republic?

A

RAD (Reich Labour Service)

93
Q

When was the RAD introduced?

A

June 1935

94
Q

What did the RAD make compulsory for men aged 19-25?

A

6 months labour service

95
Q

When was 6 months compulsory labour under the RAD program extended to women?

A

1939

96
Q

Who was the leader of the SA in 1934?

A

Ernst Rohm

97
Q

Why did Hitler decide to purge the SA?

A

Rohm started a second Nazi revolution conspiracy and wanted to Nazify society at a quicker rate than Hitler which could lead to the threat of revolution.

Anti-capitalist more than expected, a continuation of public violence was growing in unpopularity, particularly among the middle-classes who were supportive of Hitler.

98
Q

By 1939 how many male worker were unemployed out of a population of how many?

A

35,000 of 25 million

99
Q

How many foreign workers were there in Germany by 1939?

A

435,000

100
Q

What was the average wage for a worker a week by 1936? How much more than dole money received?

A

35 marks a week, ten times more than the dole money which 6 million had received.

101
Q

When were the Berlin Olympics?

A

1936

102
Q

How much money was spent on the Olympic stadium in Berlin? How many could it seat?

A

42 million RM, seated 110,000 people

103
Q

Which company did Goebbels bring all radio under?

A

Reich Radio Compnay

104
Q

What percentage of radio staff were sacked on racial grounds and replaced by sympathetic Germans?

A

13%

105
Q

How many Germans had a radio in 1932? What was the figure by 1939?

A

1932 - Less than 25%

1939- 70% of Germans

106
Q

How many daily newspapers were there when the Nazis took control of Germany?

A

4700 daily newspaperr

107
Q

What was the name of the Nazi publishing house?

A

Eher Verlag

108
Q

What fraction of newspapers were controlled by Eher Verlag by 1939?

A

2/3

109
Q

What law was introduced in 1933 which meant newspaper contents were the responsibility of the editor?

A

The Editor Law of October 1933

110
Q

What was the most popular Nazi newspaper by 1944? How many readers?

A

Volkisher Beobachter - 1.7 million readers

111
Q

How many writers left Germany between 1933-45? Who were the three most notable individuals?

A

2500 writers - Mann, Brecht, and Remarque

112
Q

How many propaganda films were made in Germany between 1933-45

A

1097 films

113
Q

How many times did Hitler’s cabinet meet in 1933 and what was this figure by 1936?

A

1932 - 72 times

1936 - 4 times

114
Q

When was Hitler’s last cabinet meeting?

A

1938

115
Q

What was judiciary in 1930’s Germany like?

A

Hostile to the old system of Weimar, ultra-conservative and biased against the left in favour of the right

116
Q

How did Hitler reduce the power of the cabinet?

A

Were not allowed to vote on legislation

Enabling Act allowed the Chancellor to enact legislation agreed upon by the cabinet without needing the President’s signature

117
Q

Who was the leader of Order of the Death’s Head?

A

Sepp Dietrich

118
Q

How many members did the Order of the Death’s Head have by 1934?

A

2,000 members

119
Q

When did President Hindenburg die?

A

2nd August 1934

120
Q

What did Hitler do in response to Hindenburg’s death?

A

Merged the offices of the Chancellor and the President and took the new title of Fuhrer

121
Q

What values did the Nazis reject? Which concept instead did they uphold?

A

Communism, Liberalism, and Christianity and instead upheld the concept of Volksgemeinschaft

122
Q

What was the purpose of Volksgemeinschaft?

A

Overcome old German divisions of class, religion, and politics and bring about a collective national identity by encouraging people to work together but on the Nazi ideas of race and struggle

123
Q

When was the Hitler Youth created?

A

1926

124
Q

In what year were all youth groups taken over by the Hitler Youth? Which group was excluded from this?

A

1933, expect Catholic one which were protected under the Concordat Agreement

125
Q

What organisation was formed in 1931 to manage social wellbeing?

A

NSV (National Socialist People’s Welfare)

126
Q

How many members did the NSV have by 1935?

A

4.4 million

127
Q

In 1934, in 1 month how many milk bottles, grocery parcels, and baby clothes did the NSV distribute?

A

Milk Bottles - 25,800

Grocery parcels - 1,500

Baby Clothes - 172 sets

128
Q

What incentives were given to women in Germany to have a child between 1933-39?

A

Marriage loans, birth grants, and improved maternity services

129
Q

What was the Lebensborn programme

A

Welfare to unmarried mothers, encouraged anonymous births by unmarried women at their maternity homes, and mediated adoption of children.

130
Q

Between 1933-44 how many children were born under the Lebensborn programme

A

11,000 children

131
Q

How much was a marriage loan if you were unemployed women in Nazi Germany?

A

600 RM

132
Q

What law was issued on marriage rights in 1935?

A

October 1935 Blood Protection Law

133
Q

What did the October 1935 Blood Protection Law do?

A

Marriage to Jews, Black people, and gypsies forbidden

134
Q

How many marriages were there in 1932, and how many were there in 1934?

A

1932: 516,000

1934: 740,000

135
Q

What was infant mortality rates in 1933 and what did they drop to by 1936?

A

1933: 7.7%

1936: 6.6%

136
Q

What percentage of women were enrolled into university under the Nazis?

A

10% and almost dropped to 0% negligible

137
Q

What two acts reduced female employment? What years?

A

1933 Women in top civil service and medical jobs dismissed

1936 Banned from being judges, lawyers

138
Q

When was the National Socialist Teachers’ League (NSLB) established?

A

1929

139
Q

By 1937 what percentage of teachers were part of the NSLB? How many had been on a 1-month course?

A

97%, 2/3 on a special 1-month course on Nazi ideology

140
Q

What percentage of the curricula was physical education given?

A

15%

141
Q

What were the three elite types of schools for boys?

A

Napolas, Adolf Hitler school, and Ordensburgen

142
Q

How many Napolas, Adolf Hitler schools, and Ordensburgen’s were there?

A

Napolas - 21

Adolf Hitler School - 10

Ordensburgen - 3

143
Q

What percentage of teachers were members of the Nazi Party by 1936?

A

32%

144
Q

How many teacher vacancies were there by 1938? How many graduating from training colleges?

A

8000 vacancies and 2500 graduating from training college

145
Q

How many children aged 10-18 were members of the Hitler Youth by 1932?

A

200,000

146
Q

How many children aged 10-18 were members of the Hitler Youth by 1938?

A

7,100,000

147
Q

Who was the leader of the Hitler Youth?

A

Baldur Von Schirach

148
Q

What was the name of the Boys 14-18 youth groups?

A

Hitler Youth (HJ)

149
Q

What was the name of the Girls 14-18 youth groups?

A

League of German Girls (BDM)

150
Q

Between 1935-37 how many HJ members attended camps?

A

973,803

151
Q

In 1937 how many BDM members attended camps?

A

96,699

152
Q

In 1935 how many HJ and BDM attended a rally in Nuremberg? How many fifteen to eighteen-year-olds became pregnant?

A

100,000, 900 fifteen to eighteen-year-olds became pregnant

153
Q

How many children were needed for the gold, silver, and bronze Mother’s Cross?

A

4 - Bronze

6 - Silver

8 - Gold

154
Q

How much did working hours increase between 1933-39 for the rearmament industry?

A

43 to 47 hours per week from 1933-39

155
Q

How much did Agricultural production increase from 1928 to 1938?

A

20%

156
Q

How many small business owners were under 30 in 1933 and how many by 1939?

A

1933 - 20%

1939 - 10%

157
Q

How many small business owners were over 60 in 1933 and how many by 1939?

A

1933 - 14%

1939 - 19%

158
Q

What law was introduced to protect small businesses against department stores? When?

A

Law to Protect Retail Trade (1933) banned the opening of new department stores and taxed the existing ones

159
Q

When was the Boycott of Jewish Shops?

A

1st April 1933

160
Q

Why was there a Boycott of Jewish Shops?

A

SA rampaging against Jewish businesses and people, Hitler order a boycott of Jewish shops to suppress the SA violence as it was unsettling the general population.

161
Q

When were the Nuremburg Laws?

A

1935

162
Q

Who prompted the idea of the Nuremberg Laws? How?

A

Reich Doctors’ leader, Gerhard Wagner hinted a new racial policy was imminent. Hitler then switched his foreign policy speech to anti-Jewish legislation leading to the Nuremberg Laws.

163
Q

Under the Nuremberg Laws, how were Jews attacked?

A

Illegal for Germans to marry Jews

Jews were barred from employing German women as domestic servants

Jews could not display a German flag

Jews were no longer German citizens but were designated ‘subjects’

164
Q

How were people classed as Jewish under the Nuremberg Laws?

A

Anyone with three Jewish grandparents, or two Jewish grandparents if they were a practising Jew, or had a Jewish husband or wife

165
Q

How many right-wing parties like the Nazi were there by the 1920s?

A

70

166
Q

What was an integral part of the Nazi Party due to Hitler?

A

Anti-Semitism

167
Q

How many of the 37.3% population that voted Nazi in 1932 in a survey in 1934 did not mention anti-semitism?

A

60%

168
Q

How did Goebbels indoctrinate the German people?

A

Used his power as Minister of Propaganda and Popular Enlightenment.

Censored all aspects of Jewish culture

Newspapers - Der Angriff

Revised school textbooks and teaching material

169
Q

Why did SA violence decrease in 1936?

A

Berlin Olympics as acts of violence and physical attacks could lead to international alienation

170
Q

When did Germany form a union with Austria?

A

March 1938

171
Q

How many Jews were attacked in Vienna in 1938?

A

200,000

172
Q

What event occurred between the 9-10th November 1938?

A

Night of Crystal Glass - Kristallnacht

173
Q

How many Jewish people died, shops attacked, synagogues burned, and how many were deported to concentration camps during Kristallnacht?

A

Jewish deaths - 100

Shops attacked - 10,000

Synagogues burned - 200

Deportation Concentration camps - 20,000

174
Q

What was the Nazis excuse for Kristallnacht?

A

The assassination of Ernst vom Rath, a German diplomat in Paris, killed by Herschel Grynszpan (Jew) 7th November 1938

175
Q

What was formed in 1938 and by who to fund the emigration of poor Jews?

A

Central Office for Jewish Emigration, in Vienna by Adolf Eichmann

176
Q

In the first 6 months after the formation of the Central Office for Jewish Emigration how many were forced to leave?

A

45,000 people

177
Q

What was set in January 1939 by Goring? Who was this organisation run by?

A

Reich Central Office for Jewish Emigration, run by Heydrich and Eichmann

178
Q

What percentage of the Jewish population left before the start of WWII?

A

50%

179
Q

What was the Jewish population in Germany in 1933 and what was it by 1945?

A

1933 - 503,000

1945 - 20,000

180
Q

How many Jews emigrated between 1933-39?

A

257,000 people

History: Germany (7 decks)

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