Rule 1.13 Organization As Client Client-Lawyer Relationship

Question 1

Client-Lawyer Relationship

Rule 1.13(a)Organization As Client

Answer 1

(a) A lawyer employed or retained by an organization [represents the organization ] acting through its duly authorized constituents.

Question 2

Client-Lawyer Relationship

Rule 1.13(b)Organization As Client

Answer 2

(b) If a lawyer for an organization knows that an officer, employee or other person associated with the organization is engaged in action, intends to act or refuses to act in a matter related to the representation that is a [violation of a legal obligation to the organization, or a violation of law that reasonably might be imputed to the organization], and that is likely to result in [substantial injury to the organization], then the [lawyer shall proceed as is reasonably necessary in the best interest of the organization.] Unless the lawyer reasonably believes that it is not necessary in the best interest of the organization to do so, [the lawyer shall refer the matter to higher authority in the organization], including, if warranted by the circumstances to the highest authority that can act on behalf of the organization as determined by applicable law.

Question 3

Client-Lawyer Relationship

Rule 1.13(c)Organization As Client

Answer 3

(c) Except as provided in paragraph (d), if
(1) despite the lawyer’s efforts in accordance with paragraph (b) [the highest authority] that can act on behalf of the organization [insists upon or fails to address] in a timely and appropriate manner an action, or a refusal to act, that is clearly a violation of law,

[and]

(2) the lawyer reasonably believes that the violation is reasonably certain to result in [substantial injury to the organization], then the lawyer [may reveal information] relating to the representation whether or not Rule 1.6 permits such disclosure, but only if and to the extent the lawyer reasonably believes [necessary to prevent substantial injury to the organization.]

Question 4

Client-Lawyer Relationship

Rule 1.13(d)Organization As Client

Answer 4

(d) Paragraph (c) shall not apply with respect to information relating to a lawyer’s representation of an organization to investigate an alleged violation of law, or to defend the organization or an officer, employee or other constituent associated with the organization against a claim arising out of an alleged violation of law.

Question 5

Client-Lawyer Relationship

Rule 1.13(e)Organization As Client

Answer 5

(e) A lawyer who reasonably believes that he or she has been discharged because of the lawyer’s actions taken pursuant to paragraphs (b) or (c), or who withdraws under circumstances that require or permit the lawyer to take action under either of those paragraphs, shall proceed as the lawyer reasonably believes necessary to assure that the organization’s highest authority is informed of the lawyer’s discharge or withdrawal.

Question 6

Client-Lawyer Relationship

Rule 1.13(f)Organization As Client

Answer 6

(f) In dealing with an organization’s directors, officers, employees, members, shareholders or other constituents, [a lawyer shall explain the identity of the client] when the lawyer knows or reasonably should know that the [organization’s interests are adverse to those of the constituents] with whom the lawyer is dealing.

Question 7

Client-Lawyer Relationship

Rule 1.13(g)Organization As Client

Answer 7

(g) A lawyer representing an organization may also represent any of its directors, officers, employees, members, shareholders or other constituents, subject to the provisions of Rule 1.7. If the organization’s consent to the [dual representation] is required by Rule 1.7, the consent shall be given by an appropriate official of the organization other than the individual who is to be represented, or by the shareholders.

Question 8

Client-Lawyer Relationship
Comment 1 Rule 1.13 Organization As Client

The Entity as the Client

Answer 8

[1] An organizational client is a legal entity, but it cannot act except through its officers, directors, employees, shareholders and other constituents. [Officers, directors, employees and shareholders are the constituents of the corporate organizational client.] The duties defined in this Comment apply equally to unincorporated associations. [“Other constituents” as used in this Comment means the positions equivalent to officers, directors, employees and shareholders held by persons acting for organizational clients that are not corporations.]

Question 9

Client-Lawyer Relationship
Comment 2 Rule 1.13 Organization As Client

The Entity as the Client

Answer 9

[2] When one of the constituents of an organizational client communicates with the organization’s lawyer in that person’s organizational capacity, the communication is protected by Rule 1.6. Thus, by way of example, if an organizational client requests its lawyer to investigate allegations of wrongdoing, interviews made in the course of that investigation between the lawyer and the client’s employees or other constituents are covered by Rule 1.6. This does not mean, however, that constituents of an organizational client are the clients of the lawyer. The lawyer may not disclose to such constituents information relating to the representation except for disclosures explicitly or impliedly authorized by the organizational client in order to carry out the representation or as otherwise permitted by Rule 1.6.

Question 10

Client-Lawyer Relationship
Comment 3 Rule 1.13 Organization As Client

The Entity as the Client

Answer 10

[3] When constituents of the organization make decisions for it, the decisions ordinarily must be accepted by the lawyer even if their utility or prudence is doubtful. Decisions concerning policy and operations, including ones entailing serious risk, are not as such in the lawyer’s province. Paragraph (b) makes clear, however, that when the lawyer knows that the organization is likely to be substantially injured by action of an officer or other constituent that violates a legal obligation to the organization or is in violation of law that might be imputed to the organization, the lawyer must proceed as is reasonably necessary in the best interest of the organization. As defined in Rule 1.0(f), knowledge can be inferred from circumstances, and a lawyer cannot ignore the obvious.

Question 11

Client-Lawyer Relationship
Comment 4 Rule 1.13 Organization As Client

The Entity as the Client

Answer 11

[4] In determining how to proceed under paragraph (b), the lawyer should give due consideration to the seriousness of the violation and its consequences, the responsibility in the organization and the apparent motivation of the person involved, the policies of the organization concerning such matters, and any other relevant considerations. [Ordinarily, referral to a higher authority would be necessary. In some circumstances, however, it may be appropriate for the lawyer to ask the constituent to reconsider the matter; for example, if the circumstances involve a constituent’s innocent misunderstanding of law and subsequent acceptance of the lawyer’s advice, the lawyer may reasonably conclude that the best interest of the organization does not require that the matter be referred to higher authority.] If a constituent persists in conduct contrary to the lawyer’s advice, it will be necessary for the lawyer to take steps to have the matter reviewed by a higher authority in the organization. If the matter is of sufficient seriousness and importance or urgency to the organization, referral to higher authority in the organization may be necessary even if the lawyer has not communicated with the constituent. Any measures taken should, to the extent practicable, minimize the risk of revealing information relating to the representation to persons outside the organization. Even in circumstances where a lawyer is not obligated by Rule 1.13 to proceed, a lawyer may bring to the attention of an organizational client, including its highest authority, matters that the lawyer reasonably believes to be of sufficient importance to warrant doing so in the best interest of the organization.

Question 12

Client-Lawyer Relationship
Comment 5 Rule 1.13 Organization As Client

The Entity as the Client

Answer 12

[5] Paragraph (b) also makes clear that when it is reasonably necessary to enable the organization to address the matter in a timely and appropriate manner, the lawyer must refer the matter to higher authority, including, if warranted by the circumstances, the highest authority that can act on behalf of the organization under applicable law. [The organization’s highest authority to whom a matter may be referred ordinarily will be the board of directors or similar governing body.] However, applicable law may prescribe that under certain conditions the highest authority reposes elsewhere, for example, in the independent directors of a corporation.

Question 13

Client-Lawyer Relationship
Comment 6 Rule 1.13 Organization As Client

Relation to Other Rules

Answer 13

[6] The authority and responsibility provided in this Rule are concurrent with the authority and responsibility provided in other Rules. In particular, this Rule does not limit or expand the lawyer’s responsibility under Rules 1.8, 1.16, 3.3 or 4.1. [Paragraph (c) of this Rule supplements Rule 1.6(b) by providing an additional basis upon which the lawyer may reveal information relating to the representation, but does not modify, restrict, or limit the provisions of Rule 1.6(b)(1) - (6).] Under paragraph (c) the lawyer may reveal such information only when the organization’s highest authority insists upon or fails to address threatened or ongoing action that is clearly a violation of law, and then only to the extent the lawyer reasonably believes necessary to prevent reasonably certain substantial injury to the organization. It is not necessary that the lawyer’s services be used in furtherance of the violation, but it is required that the matter be related to the lawyer’s representation of the organization. If the lawyer’s services are being used by an organization to further a crime or fraud by the organization, Rules 1.6(b)(2) and 1.6(b)(3) may permit the lawyer to disclose confidential information. In such circumstances Rule 1.2(d) may also be applicable, in which event, withdrawal from the representation under Rule 1.16(a)(1) may be required.

Question 14

Client-Lawyer Relationship
Comment 7 Rule 1.13 Organization As Client

Relation to Other Rules

Answer 14

[7] Paragraph (d) makes clear that the authority of a lawyer to disclose information relating to a representation in circumstances described in [paragraph (c) does not apply with respect to information relating to a lawyer’s engagement by an organization to investigate an alleged violation of law or to defend the organization or an officer, employee or other person associated with the organization against a claim arising out of an alleged violation of law. This is necessary in order to enable organizational clients to enjoy the full benefits of legal counsel in conducting an investigation or defending against a claim.]

Question 15

Client-Lawyer Relationship
Comment 8 Rule 1.13 Organization As Client

Relation to Other Rules

Answer 15

[8] A lawyer who reasonably believes that he or she has been discharged because of the lawyer’s actions taken pursuant to paragraph (b) or (c), or who withdraws in circumstances that require or permit the lawyer to take action under either of these paragraphs, must proceed as the lawyer reasonably believes necessary to assure that the organization’s highest authority is informed of the lawyer’s discharge or withdrawal.

Question 16

Client-Lawyer Relationship
Comment 9 Rule 1.13 Organization As Client

Government Agency

Answer 16

[9] The duty defined in this Rule applies to governmental organizations. Defining precisely the identity of the client and prescribing the resulting obligations of such lawyers may be more difficult in the government context and is a matter beyond the scope of these Rules. See Scope [18]. Although in some circumstances the client may be a specific agency, it may also be a branch of government, such as the executive branch, or the government as a whole. For example, if the action or failure to act involves the head of a bureau, either the department of which the bureau is a part or the relevant branch of government may be the client for purposes of this Rule. Moreover, in a matter involving the conduct of government officials, a government lawyer may have authority under applicable law to question such conduct more extensively than that of a lawyer for a private organization in similar circumstances. Thus, when the client is a governmental organization, a different balance may be appropriate between maintaining confidentiality and assuring that the wrongful act is prevented or rectified, for public business is involved. In addition, duties of lawyers employed by the government or lawyers in military service may be defined by statutes and regulation. This Rule does not limit that authority. See Scope.

Question 17

Client-Lawyer Relationship
Comment 10 Rule 1.13 Organization As Client

Clarifying the Lawyer’s Role

Answer 17

[10] There are times when the [organization’s interest may be or become adverse to those of one or more of its constituents.] In such circumstances the [lawyer should advise any constituent, whose interest the lawyer finds adverse to that of the organization of the conflict or potential conflict of interest, that the lawyer cannot represent such constituent, and that such person may wish to obtain independent representation.] Care must be taken to assure that the individual understands that, when there is such adversity of interest, the lawyer for the organization [cannot provide legal representation] for that constituent individual, and that [discussions between the lawyer for the organization and the individual may not be privileged.]

Question 18

Client-Lawyer Relationship
Comment 11 Rule 1.13 Organization As Client

Clarifying the Lawyer’s Role

Answer 18

[11] Whether such a warning should be given by the lawyer for the organization to any constituent individual may turn on the facts of each case.

Question 19

Client-Lawyer Relationship
Comment 12 Rule 1.13 Organization As Client

Dual Representation

Answer 19

[12] Paragraph (g) recognizes that a lawyer for an organization may also represent a principal officer or major shareholder.

Question 20

Client-Lawyer Relationship
Comment 13 Rule 1.13 Organization As Client

Derivative Actions

Answer 20

[13] Under generally prevailing law, the shareholders or members of a corporation may bring suit to compel the directors to perform their legal obligations in the supervision of the organization. Members of unincorporated associations have essentially the same right. Such an action may be brought nominally by the organization, but usually is, in fact, a legal controversy over management of the organization.

Question 21

Client-Lawyer Relationship
Comment 14 Rule 1.13 Organization As Client

Derivative Actions

Answer 21

[14] The question can arise whether counsel for the organization may defend such an action. The proposition that the organization is the lawyer’s client does not alone resolve the issue. Most derivative actions are a normal incident of an organization’s affairs, to be defended by the organization’s lawyer like any other suit. However, if the claim involves serious charges of wrongdoing by those in control of the organization, a conflict may arise between the lawyer’s duty to the organization and the lawyer’s relationship with the board. In those circumstances, Rule 1.7 governs who should represent the directors and the organization.