RT IRRSP STATE CARD 289 CARDS HAROLD BENNETT Flashcards
Industrial Radiography Radiation Safety Personnel (IRRSP)
1
Q
Radiation Absorbed Dose (RAD) is measured in:
A
Tissue
2
Q
The acronym RAD Means:
A
Radiation Absorbed Dose
3
Q
The symbol R means:
A
Roentgen
4
Q
The symbol mR means:
A
milliRoentgen (lower case m stands for milli or thousandth)
5
Q
One Roentgen or 1R is equal to:
A
1000 milliroentgens
6
Q
The term REM stands for?
A
Roentgen Equivalent Man
7
Q
What two terms have the same relationship:
A
Quality Factor (QF) & Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE)
8
Q
The Quality Factor for x-rays and gamma rays is essentially:
A
1
9
Q
The Quality Factor for Alpha Particles is essentially:
A
20
10
Q
Specific activity of Radioactive Material is measured in:
A
Curies per Gram
11
Q
Decay of a radioactive material is influenced primarily by its:
A
Half Life (the longer the half-life the longer it will take to decay to one half)
12
Q
Becquerels and Curies are units of measurement of:
A
Activity and Decay Rate
13
Q
Becquerel and Curies are units of measurement of:
A
Activity and Decay Rate
14
Q
A state in which atoms have excess energy and are unstable is known as:
A
Radioactive
15
Q
An elementary particle with a unit negative electrical charge and a mass approximately equal to 1/1840th that of a proton:
A
Electron
16
Q
A positively charged elementary particle with a mass approximately equal to 1840 times that of an electron or 1 A.M.U.is known as:
A
Proton
17
Q
Uncharged elementary particles with a mass nearly equal to that of a proton are known as:
A
Neutron
18
Q
The area known as the center of an atom is called the:
A
Nucleus
19
Q
Any source that disrupts the electrical balance of an atom and results in the production of ions is known as:
A
Ionization
20
Q
Any byproduct material that is encased in a capsule designed to prevent leakage or escape of the byproduct material is known as a:
A
Sealed Source
21
Q
A tube through which the radioactive source travels when inside a radiographic exposure device is called:
A
S-Tube
22
Q
Survey meters must be calibrated at intervals not to exceed:
A
6 months and / or after instrument servicing except for battery changes
23
Q
A survey meter must be capable of measuring a range of:
A
2 mR to 1000 mR/Hr
24
Q
An analog survey meter must be calibrated on each scale at two points approximately:
A
At 33% and 66% of the scales potential
25
**The process that results in the removal of orbital electrons from atoms resulting in the formation of ion pairs is called:**
**Ionization**
26
**The fact that gasses bombarded by ionizing radiation become conductors of electrical current make them useful in:**
**DETECTION EQUIPMENT**
27
**Radiation detection instruments measure exposure to radiation based on the principal that:**
**Ionizing gasses conduct electrical current in proportion to the amount of radiation**
28
**Radiation detection instruments measure exposure to radiation energies based on the principal called:**
**Ionization**
29
**A dosimeter must be capable of reading a range of:**
**0-200 mR**
30
**Pocket Ion chambers must at a minimum be capable of reading:**
**200 mR**
31
**An exposure rate is measured by a:**
**Survey meter**
32
**A survey meter reads radiation levels as?**
**An exposure rate**
33
**What dosimeters are least affected by moisture ?**
**TLD**
34
**Full deflection of a survey meter while on battery check means :**
**The Meter may or may not be working properly**
35
**Dosimeters must be calibrated at intervals not to exceed:**
**Annually**
36
**Rate alarms must be calibrated at intervals not to exceed:**
**Yearly**
37
**A TLD measures what?**
**Dose**
38
**A Film badge / TLD records what ?**
**Total dose history for the Month**
39
**When performing radiography in a permanent radiographic installation the technician is not required to:**
**Wear a rate alarm**
40
**A direct reading ionization chamber (i.e. dosimeter) has the advantage of providing:**
**An immediate dose history since last charged**
41
**A direct reading dosimeter (i.e. a pocket ionization chamber) has a disadvantage of:**
**Cannot provide total dose history that a Film Badge can**
42
**A radiographer reads 7.5 on the 10x scale of his survey meter what is the current dose rate at his position?**
**75 mR/Hr**
43
**A radiographer's survey meter is showing 0 near an exposed source he can safely assume:**
**The meter is an in-operable state the radiographer should retreat from the source until and operational meter has replaced the suspect meter.**
44
45
**The half-life of an Ir 192 source is:**
**74.3 days**
46
**The half-life of Co 60 is:**
**5.3 years**
47
**The half-life of Selenium 75 is:**
**120 days**
48
**After 6 half-lives what is the percentage of a sources original value?**
**1.5625% (1/64) of the original**
## Footnote
**ON A BASIC CALCULATOR:
1. Enter the original activity value.
2. Press the division key
3. Enter "2" and press the equals key
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 a total of 6 times.
The final result will be approximately 1.5625% of the original activity.**
49
**After 6 half value layers what percentage of radiation are you receiving :**
**1.60%**
50
**What is the percentage of radioactive material remaining after 6 half-lives?**
**1.60%**
51
**The use of 4 half value layers will reduce the exposure by a factor of :**
**16 times**
## Footnote
**Here's a step-by-step explanation using a basic calculator:
1. Start with the number 1 (this represents the full exposure).
Divide by 2 for each HVL.
2. Using a Basic Calculator:
Step 1: Enter 1 (full exposure).
Step 2: Press ÷ (divide).
Step 3: Enter 2 (for the first HVL).
Step 4: Press = (equals). You should see 0.5 (half the exposure).
Step 5: Press ÷ again.
Step 6: Enter 2 (for the second HVL).
Step 7: Press =. You should see 0.25 (a quarter of the exposure).
Step 8: Press ÷ again.
Step 9: Enter 2 (for the third HVL).
Step 10: Press =. You should see 0.125 (an eighth of the exposure).
Step 11: Press ÷ again.
Step 12: Enter 2 (for the fourth HVL).
Step 13: Press =. You should see 0.0625 (one-sixteenth of the exposure).
3. Interpret the Result:
The final result, 0.0625, represents the fraction of the original exposure remaining after 4 HVLs.
TO FIND THE REDUCTION FACTOR, TAKE THE RECIPROCAL OF 0.0625.
PRESS 1 ÷ 0.0625 = (YOU SHOULD SEE 16)**
52
**Assuming a source has a half-life of 20 years how old would the source be in 4 half-lives?**
**80 years**
53
**If you have 80 mR/Hr at the surface of the exposure device what would the reading be after 2 half-lives :**
**20 mR**
## Footnote
**1. Half-Life =(80 Ci’s) ÷ (2 ) = 40
2. Half-Lives= (40 Ci’s) ÷ (2 ) = 20**
54
**How many curies of Ir 192 would you have after 148 days:**
**25%**
55
**You have 98 curies of Ir 192 after 148 days how many curies would you have ?**
**24.5 curies**
## Footnote
**Iridium192 has a half-life of about 74 days
148 days have passed
Divide 148 by 74 to find out how many half-lives have passed.
148 Divided by 74 = 2 So, 2 half-lives have passed.
Started with 98 curies Divided by 2 half Lives = 49 curies.
After the second half life (another 74 days), the amount is halved again:
49 Divided by 2 = 24.5 curies.
So, after 148 days, you would have 24.5 curies of Ir192 left.**
56
**A source of Ir192 has undergone 3 half-lives by what factor has that source been reduced ?**
**8**
## Footnote
**To calculate the reduction factor after 3 half-lives using a basic calculator, you can follow these steps:
1. Enter the initial quantity.
2. Divide by 2 (this represents one half-life).
3. Press the equals (=) button to get the result.
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 two more times (for a total of three divisions by 2).
Here's a step-by-step example:
1. Enter the #
2. Divide by 2 (# ÷ 2 = 0.5).
3. Divide by 2 again (0.5 ÷ 2 = 0.25).
4. Divide by 2 one more time (0.25 ÷ 2 = 0.125).
So, after 3 half-lives, the remaining quantity is 0.125, which means the source has been reduced by a factor of 8**
57
**After 2 half-lives which of the following characteristics remains unchanged :**
**Source size**
58
**A Sealed source emits what ?**
**Gamma Rays**
59
**A Cobalt source has decayed from its original activity 3 half-lives originally it was 88 curies it's current activity is:**
**11 curies**
## Footnote
**1. Half-Life =(88Ci’s ) ÷ (2 ) = 44Ci’s
2. Half-Lives= (44Ci’s ÷ (2 ) = 22Ci’s
3. Half-Lives= (22Ci’s ) ÷ (2 ) = 11Ci’s**
60
**Your Cobalt source of 73 curies is exposed for a full 60 minutes. Assume a 14.0 R per curie factor shooting through a 3-half value collimator where would your restricted area be on the cold side of the collimator ?**
**253 feet**
## Footnote
**STEP BY STEP WITH A BASIC CALCULATOR:
1st. Calculate the initial dose rate at one foot:
a. Source strength: 73 curies
b. Dose rate factor: 14.0 R per curie at one foot
c. Initial dose rate = 73 Ci X 14.0 R = 1022 R/hr
2nd. ON YOUR CALCULATOR:
a. Enter 73
b. Multiply by 14
c. Result: 1022
3rd. Account for the collimator attenuation:
a. Collimator attenuation: 3 half-value layers (HVL)
b. Each HVL reduces the dose rate by half.
c. Dose rate after collimation = 1022 R/hr 2^3 = 1022 R/hr 8 = 127.75 R/hr
4th. ON YOUR CALCULATOR:
a. Enter 1022
b. Divide by 8(since 2 to the Power of 3 )(2^3 = 8)or (2 x 2 x 2 = 8)
c. Result: 127.75
5th. Calculate the dose received in 60 minutes:
a. Exposure time: 60 minutes (1 hour)
b. Dose received = 127.75 R/hr TIMES 1 hr = 127.75 R
6th. ON YOUR CALCULATOR:
a. Enter 127.75
b. Multiply by 1 (since it’s 1 hour)
c. Result: 127.75
7th. Determine the restricted area using the inverse square law:
a. Let’s assume the safe dose rate is 2 mR/hr (0.002 R/hr).
b. Using the inverse square law: ( I_1 times d_1^2 = I_2 times d_2^2 )
c. ( 127.75 times 1^2 = 0.002 times d_2^2 )
d. ( d_2 = sqrt {127.75}{0.002}
e. ( d_2 = sqrt {63875}
f. ( d_2 approx . 252.74) feet
8th. ON YOUR CALCULATOR:
a. Enter 127.75
b. Divide by 0.002
c. Result: 63875
d. Find the square root of 63875 (use the square root function, often labeled as √)
e. Result: 252.74
So, the restricted area on the cold side of the collimator would be approximately 252.74 feet from the source.**
61
**The ball on a source assembly that prevents the source from exiting through the back of the camera is called:**
**Stop ball**
62
**Emission of gamma rays, alpha rays and beta rays is considered what :**
**Characteristics of source decay**
63
**To penetrate a thicker or more dense material you would need:**
**A source with more energy (shorter wavelength)**
64
**Will a shorter or longer wavelength penetrate thicker or denser material?**
**A Shorter**
65
**An Isotope may be:**
**1. A Stable atom
2. An Unstable atom
3. And Radioactive**
66
**An elements weight is the:**
**Atomic Number**
67
**An element is identified by the number of _________in its nucleus**
**Protons**
68
**The first indication of a localized personal radiation over exposure is?**
**Reddening of the skin**
69
**Gamma radiation has a shorter wavelength than visible light therefore making it?**
**More penetrating**
70
**The restricted area is located at?**
**2 mR/HR**
71
**The radiation area is located at?**
**5 mR/HR**
72
**A radiation area is defined as an area accessible to individuals in which they could receive?**
**5 mR per hour**
73
**A high radiation area is defined as an area accessible to individuals in which they could receive?**
**100 mR per hour**
74
**A very high radiation area is defined as an area accessible to individuals in which they could receive?**
**500 R per hour**
75
**A member of the public or un-monitored individual is allowed to receive up to but not to exceed?**
**2 mR in any one hour or 100 mR/ Year**
76
**When performing radiography in the field regulations require the radiographer to post**
**1. THE RADIATION AREA and
2. THE HIGH RADIATION AREA**
77
**When performing radiography 10 CFR part 20 requires that?**
**1. A BOUNDARY BE POSTED FOR THE RADIATION AREA and
2. A BOUNDARY BE POSED FOR THE HIGH RADIATION AREA**
78
79
**A restricted area is defined as?**
**An area which access is restricted for controlling radiation exposure.**
80
**While performing radiographic operations the radiographer is required to post boundaries to prevent individuals from receiving an exposure which could lead them to receive a dose of more than 2 mR in any one hour or 100 mR in one year. The boundary would be located at?**
**2 mR/hour**
81
**A high radiation area must be posted at?**
**100 mR/Hr**
82
**A very high radiation area is?**
**500 R/Hr**
83
**A restricted area is defined as?**
**An area to which is limited by the licensee for protecting individuals against undue risks from exposure to radiation.**
84
**An un-restricted area is defined as?**
**An area access to which is neither limited nor controlled by the licensee**
85
**A Radiographer and assistant are standing in a 2 mR/Hr field what would their total dose be after 4 hours (Remember Dose is in Rems (Body)and Dose Rate is in Roentgens (measured in air) :**
**8.0 mRem**
| **2mR an hour times 4 hours is 8 mR**
86
**You have 24 exposures to make your shot time is 5 minutes per exposure and youre showing 30 mR/ Hr what will be your total dose at the end of the shift?**
**60 mRem**
87
**A Radiographer is receiving 100 mR/Hr at the crank assembly; the crank assembly is 25' in length. What distance would the Radiation Area be Designated?**
**111.8 feet**
## Footnote
**STEP-BY-STEP ON A BASIC CALCULATOR:
1. Square the initial distance (25 feet):
Enter 25 Press the multiplication key (×)
Enter 25 again Press the equals key (=) to get 625
2. Multiply the initial intensity (100 mR/hr) by the squared distance:
Enter 100 Press the multiplication key (×)
Enter 625 (the result from step 1) Press the equals key (=) to get 62500
3. Divide the result by the new intensity (5 mR/hr):
Enter 62500 Press the division key (÷)
Enter 5 Press the equals key (=) to get 12500
4. Take the square root of the result:
Enter 12500 Press the square root key (√) to get approximately 111.8
So, the Radiation Area should be designated at approximately 111.8 feet from the crank assembly**
88
**The radiographer is cranking and picking up 100 mR/Hr using 25 ft cranks .How long will it take for them to pick up a total dose of 50mR ?**
**30 minutes**
## Footnote
**USING A BASIC CALCULATOR:
1. Enter the total dose you want to calculate, which is 50.
2. Press the division (÷) button.
3. Enter the dose rate, which is 100.
4. Press the equals (=) button.
The display should show 0.5, which means it will take 0.5 hours (or 30 minutes) to pick up a total dose of 50 mR.**
89
**An assistant can receive up to a maximum of?**
**5 REM per year**
90
**A Radiographer or assistant my receive no more than?**
**5 R per year**
91
**A declared pregnant Radiographer or assistant may receive no more than_ during their entire pregnancy?**
**500 mRem**
92
**The un-born fetus may receive no more than during their entire pregnancy. :**
**500 mRem**
93
**You have Cobalt with 61 curies exposed for one 30-minute exposure. Using a 14-R per curie factor shooting through a 3-half value collimator standing at 100 feet what will your total exposure be ?**
**5.3 mRem**
## Footnote
**Here’s how you can calculate the total exposure using a basic calculator:
1st. Calculate the initial exposure rate:
a. Multiply the number of curies by the R per curie factor.
b. Enter 61 (curies) × 14 (R/curie) = 854 (R/hour).
2nd. Adjust for the collimator:
a. Divide the result by 8 (since a 3-half value collimator reduces the exposure by a factor of 8).
b. Enter 854 ÷ 8 = 106.75 (R/hour).
3rd. Adjust for distance:
a. Divide the result by 10,000 (the square of the distance, and the distance is 100 feet).
b. Enter 106.75 ÷ 10,000 = 0.010675 (R/hour).
4th. Calculate the total exposure for 30 minutes:
a. Total exposure = Exposure rate at 100 feet × Time
b. Multiply the result by 0.5 (since 30 minutes is half an hour).
c. Enter 0.010675 × 0.5 = 0.0053375
So, your total exposure would be approximately 0.0053 Roentgen [R] = 5.3 Milliroentgen [mR]
Remember 1 Roentgen = 1,000 Milliroentgen so just multiply 0.0053 by 1,000 = 5.3**
94
**You have 56 curies of Cobalt shooting for 60 minutes. Using a 14.0 R per curie factor shooting through a 3-half value collimator what would your dose rate be at 225 feet?**
**2 mR/Hr**
## Footnote
**1ST CALCULATE THE INITIAL DOSE RATE :
Dose rate (R/hr) = Activity (curies) × Dose rate factor (R/hr per curie)
Enter 56 (curies) on your calculator.
Multiply by 14 (R/hr per curie).
The result is 784 R/hr.
2ND ACCOUNT FOR THE COLLIMATOR ATTENUATION:
A 3-half value collimator reduces the dose rate by a factor of (2^3) (2 to the power of 3) or (2x2x2=8) (since each half-value layer reduces the dose rate by half).
Enter 784 (initial dose rate) on your calculator.
Divide by 8 (attenuation factor, which is (2^3).
The result is 98 R/hr.
3RD CALCULATE THE DOSE RATE AT 225 FEET: (Inverse Square Law)
Enter 98 (dose rate after attenuation) on your calculator.
Divide by 225 (distance in feet).
Press = button
Divide the result by 225 again.
The result is approximately 0.00194 R/hr or 1.94 mR/hr.
So, the dose rate at 225 feet would be approximately 1.94 mR/hr**
95
**The definition of ALARA is:**
**As low as reasonably achievable**
96
**You have IR-192 with 88 curies using an R factor of 5.2 R where would you place your HIGH Radiation boundary?**
**68 feet**
## Footnote
**1st. Convert the Desired Dose Rate: Convert 100 mR/h to R/h: 100 mR/h = 0.1 R/h
Use the Inverse Square Law: The formula to calculate the distance is:
D = A times R Sqrt {D} WHERE:
(A) is the SOURCE ACTIVITY : 88 (CI)
(R) is the R FACTOR: 5.2 R
(D) is the DESIRED BOUNDARY DOSE RATE : 100 (MR/H)
2nd. Calculate the Distance: numerator: 88 times 5.2 = 457.6
THEN, DIVIDE BY THE DESIRED DOSE RATE:
3rd. 457.6 divided by 0.1 = 4576
FINALLY
4th. D = the square root of {4576} = 67.64 feet**
97
**You have IR-192 with 88 curies your meter shows 76 mR/Hr at 100 feet away what would the exposure rate be standing 200 feet away?**
**19 mR/h**
## Footnote
**USING A BASIC CALCULATOR
1. SQUARE THE INITIAL DISTANCE (100 FEET)
Enter 100 ( × TIMES) 100 = You should get 10,000
2. SQUARE THE NEW DISTANCE (200 FEET)
Enter 200 ( × TIMES) 200 = You should get 40,000
3. MULTIPLY THE INITIAL INTENSITY (76 MR/HR) BY THE SQUARED INITIAL DISTANCE (10,000)
Enter 76 ( × TIMES) 10,000 = You should get 760,000
4. DIVIDE THE RESULT BY THE SQUARED NEW DISTANCE (40,000)
Enter 760,000 (÷ DIVIDED BY ) 40,000 = You should get 19
so, the exposure rate at 200 feet away would be 19 mr/hr**
98
**You have Cobalt with 54 curies your meter reads 140 mR/Hr at 80 feet away what would your exposure rate be at 40 feet?**
**560 mR/h**
## Footnote
**USING A BASIC CALCULATOR
1. Square the initial distance (80 feet)
Enter 80 × 80 = You should get 6400
2. Square the new distance (40 feet)
Enter 40 × 40 = You should get 1600
3. Multiply the initial intensity (140 mR/hr) by the squared initial distance (6400)
Enter 140 × 6400 = You should get 896,000
4. Divide the result by the squared new distance (1600)
Enter 896,000 ÷ 1,600 = You should get 560
So, the exposure rate at 40 feet is 560 mR/hr**
99
**A monitored person may receive up to 5000 mR per year. What would be considered an excessive amount of radiation exposure to that individual :**
**Any unnecessary exposure to radiation is excessive**
100
**What material would be considered the best shielding :**
**Lead**
101
**What material would be considered the best shielding :**
**Material with a high atomic density**
102
**Which is the best protection against radiation over exposure :**
**1. Time
2. Distance
3. Shielding**
103
**The primary form of shielding provided by modern exposure devices is:**
**Depleted uranium (DU)**
104
**The Pig is composed of:**
**Depleted Uranium**
105
**Pb is the chemical symbol for Lead 0.19 of lead will reduce the exposure of Ir 192 to one half its original intensity this is known as the:**
**HALF VALUE LAYER of lead for the energies associated with Ir 192**
106
**Assuming that 0.19 of lead is one half value layer how many half value layers would you have with a sheet of lead .57 in thickness :**
**3 HVL**
## Footnote
**steps on a basic calculator:
1. Enter the thickness of the lead sheet: 0.57 ÷
2. Enter the thickness of one HVL: Press 0.19 =
The display should show 3, which means there are 3 half-value layers in the 0.57-inch-thick lead sheet.
0.57 ÷ 0.19 = 3**
107
**Assuming 0.19 of lead is one half value layer and you have a total of 3 HVLs of lead between you and 100 mR/h what would your exposure rate be :**
**12.5 mR per hour**
## Footnote
**USING A BASIC CALCULATOR:
1. Start with the initial exposure rate 100 mR/h)
2. Divide by 2 for each HVL:
100 Divided by 2 = 50 Divided by 2 again = 25 Divided by 2 again = 12.5.
So, after passing through 3 HVLs of lead, the exposure rate is 12.5 mR/h.**
108
**Assuming 0.61" of steel equals one half value layer for Ir 192. How many HVLs would you have with 2" of steel :**
**3.28 HVLs**
## Footnote
**USING A BASIC CALCULATOR:
Enter the thickness of the material: (2) divided by the thickness of one HVL (0.61)=
Your calculator should display approximately 3.278, which is the number of HVLs in 2 inches of steel for Ir-192.
(2 ÷ 0.61= 3.278)**
109
**Assuming you have 5 HVL's of steel you are using 100 curies of Ir 192 where would you place your radiation area boundary Assume a R factor of 5.2R :**
**90.13 feet**
## Footnote
**Using a Basic Calculator
1. CALCULATE THE EXPOSURE RATE AFTER 5 HVLS:
Enter 520 (initial exposure rate) Divide by 2 =
Repeat the division by 2 four more times to get 16.25
1st.HVL (520 ÷2)=260
2nd.HVL (260 ÷2)=130
3rd.HVL (130÷2)=65
4th.HVL (65÷2)-=32
5th.HVL (32.5)÷2=16.25
2. CALCULATE THE DISTANCE:
Enter 16.25 (exposure rate after 5 HVLs)
Divide by 0.002 (desired exposure rate)
Press = to get 8125
Press the square root button (√) to get approximately 90.13 feet
16.25 ÷ 0.002 = 8,125 √ = 90.13 feet****
110
**Assuming 0.19 of lead is one half value layer a piece of lead 0.38 thick would reduce the exposure rate by:**
**75%**
## Footnote
**Using a Basic Calculator:
1. Enter the initial exposure rate (let's assume it's 100 for simplicity).
2. Divide by 2 (for the first HVL): 100 ÷ 2 = 50.
3. Divide by 2 again (for the second HVL): 50 ÷ 2 = 25.
Therefore, 25% minus 100% is 75% of the original rate.**
**.38 ÷.19= 2 HVL's
(So ÷100% by 2 HVL's)
100% ÷2÷2=25% it was reduced by 75%
100%-25%=75%****
111
**Assuming 0.19"of lead is one half value layer how much lead would you need to reduce an exposure rate of 100 mR per hour to 25 mR per hour :**
**0.38"**
## Footnote
**1. Determine the number of HVLs needed:
You want to reduce the exposure rate from 100 mR/hr to 25 mR/hr.
Each HVL reduces the exposure rate by half.
So, the first HVL reduces 100 mR/hr to 50 mR/hr.
The second HVL reduces 50 mR/hr to 25 mR/hr.
Therefore, you need 2 HVLs to reduce the exposure rate to 25 mR/hr.
2. Calculate the total thickness of lead required:
Given that 1 HVL is 0.19 inches of lead.
Multiply the number of HVLs by the thickness of one HVL.
HERE’S HOW YOU CAN DO IT ON A BASIC CALCULATOR:
2 × 0.19” = 0.38”
1. Enter the number of HVLs:
Press 2.
2. Multiply by the thickness of one HVL:
Press the × button. Enter 0.19.
3. Get the result: Press the = button.
The display should show 0.38, which means you need 0.38 inches of lead to reduce the exposure rate from 100 mR/hr to 25 mR/hr.**
112
**What is the maximum curie strength of a cobalt 60 source in a type A exposure device**
**10.8 Cl :**
113
**What is the maximum curie strength of an Iridium 192 source in a type A exposure device :**
**27.0 Cl**
114
**What regulations cover transportation of a source :**
**(DOT) Department of Transportation**
115
**When transporting a source it must:**
**1. Be secured in the vehicle
2. Not carried in the drivers compartment
3. Be less than 2 mR/h at the exterior of the vehicle**
116
**A source is being transported with a surface reading of 25 mR/h and 3 mR/h at 1 meter which transport label must be used :**
**Yellow III**
117
**What is the maximum source strength IR 192 that may be transported in a type A container**
**27 curies**
118
**White I transport label has a maximum transport index of:**
**There is no Transport Index with a White I**
119
**A Yellow II transport label has a maximum transport index of:**
**1.0**
120
**A yellow III transport label has a maximum transport index of:**
**10**
121
**A yellow II label has a transport index maximum of:**
**1**
122
**A shipping container is surveyed and found to be 3 mR/h at 1 meter what label would be required :**
**Yellow III**
123
**What is the minimum distance another sign or advertisement can be placed near a radioactive placard :**
**One Meter
(3.3 feet)**
124
**What is the maximum source strength that can be transported in a type B container :**
**Unlimited as long as the surface dose rate does not exceed 200 mR/h**
125
**What is the maximum surface reading for a yellow II labeled container**
**50 mR/h**
126
**What is the maximum surface reading for a yellow III labeled shipping container**
**200 mR/h**
127
**According to the DOT a shipping container marked as a yellow II cannot exceed:**
**Maximum on surface: 50 mrem/hr OR 1 mR/hr one meter (3.3 feet) from the package and a transport index maximum of 1**
128
**Which government agency is responsible for transportation of radioactive materials :**
**Department of Transportation (DOT)**
## Footnote
**approximately 3 million packages of radioactive materials are shipped annually by highway, rail, air, or water**
129
**What is the maximum surface reading for a source changer :**
**200 mR/Hr**
130
**Exposure devices must be inspected every:**
**Day Prior to use**
131
this was a mistake
**so i just filled in with this**
132
**Your survey meter(s) have become in-operable You must:**
**Follow company operating and emergency procedures**
133
**Your dosimeter has been discharged beyond its useful range You must:**
**Follow company operating and emergency procedures**
134
**Your dosimeter is off scale you must:**
**Follow company operating and emergency procedures**
135
**According to the NRC who is approved to change out a source :**
**A trained and authorized person listed on the licensee**
136
**Your source has become disconnected you must:**
**Follow your companies operating and emergency procedures**
137
**Utilization logs must be kept for:**
**3 years**
138
**A utilization log must include at a minimum:**
**1st. MAKE
2nd. MODEL
3rd. SERIAL NUMBER
4th. RADIOGRAPHERS SIGNATURE
5th. DATE OF USE
6th. LOCATION OF USE**
139
**Exposure devices must be kept under constant surveillance this can be delegated to:**
**The assistant radiographer**
140
**Exposure devices physical security must be maintained at all times constant surveillance can be maintained by:**
**The assistant radiographer**
141
**A source of IR 192 has hung up in the guide tube. The radiographer should:**
**Follow his companies operating and emergency procedures**
142
**The proper procedure for surveying the exposure device after an exposure has been made:**
**1st. Observe the survey meter as the source is returned to the shielded position
2nd. Survey the exposure devices circumference including the guide tube
3rd. Lock the camera**
143
**During the work day your survey meter becomes unusable you must:**
**Follow your companies operating and emergency procedures**
144
**Written emergency procedures are in place to handle:**
**Abnormal events in handling and transporting radioactive material**
145
**What documentation is required to conduct radiography in another state :**
**Reciprocity State regulations & Radioactive license**
146
**Permanent radiographic facilities also known as shooting rooms must be inspected at regular intervals to assure that all alarm systems are functioning and operable this is done:**
**Daily**
147
**While conducting field radiography you must have in attendance a minimum of:**
**Two qualified people**
148
**A state that has not taken responsibility for the control of radiation within its borders in known as a:**
**Non-agreement State**
149
**WHEN MUST Licensees must report to the NRC lost stolen or missing material?**
**Immediately**
150
**Licensees must report to the NRC an exposure of more than 5 Rem within:**
**Within 24 hours**
151
**Licensees must report to the NRC an exposure of more than 25 Rem within:**
**Immediately**
152
**PERSONNEL radiation exposure records are maintained (kept) for a minimum of:**
**For the life of the company or until the authorizing agency approves disposal.**
153
**Sources must be physically inventoried how often :**
**Quarterly**
154
**Maintenance must be performed on exposure devices at intervals not to exceed:**
**3 months**
155
**Leak test records must be kept for:**
**3 years**
156
**Calibration records of survey instruments must be kept for how many years :**
**3**
157
**When high speed electrons strike a hard surface (target) WHAT is the result :**
**1. Bremsstrahlung
2. Produces X-radiation
3. Produces heat**
158
**The Bremsstrahlung effect means braking what does it produce :**
**Generates X-rays**
159
**The filament in an X-ray tube is energized by electrical current the difference in electrical potential draws the free electrons to the (________) as they strike at such a high speed (the speed of light) X-rays are produced by the Bremsstrahlung process. :**
**Target**
160
**High speed electrons striking a target produces primarily what :**
**Heat**
161
**X-ray machines work on the principle of Bremsstrahlung or braking what components are required to produce this effect**
**1. Source of electrons
2. A Target
3. Energy**
162
**X-ray machines are required to have two visible indicators showing the unit is in operation which two indicators are most commonly used :**
**1. VISIBLE LIGHT
2. AMP METER**
163
**A control panel in an x-ray system must have clearly visible the following statement:**
**Caution X-rays produced when energized**
164
**What components are required to produce X-rays :**
**1. A POWER SOURCE
2. FREE ELECTRONS
3. A TARGET**
165
**Intensity of an x-ray tube is controlled by the (_____________________) on the control panel. :**
**Amperage Rheostat**
166
**Electrons are produced by which component of an x-ray tube :**
**Filament**
167
**Applied voltage in an x-ray tube has a direct bearing on producing:**
**Penetration**
168
**Applied amperage across the filament in an x-ray tube has a direct bearing on producing:**
**More or less radiation**
169
**An x-ray cabinet must comply with unrestricted area requirements. The maximum amount of radiation emitted from an x-ray cabinet which excludes personnel shall not exceed:**
**(1/2 an mR/Hr) at (2 Inch’s)**
170
**X-ray systems are required to have two indicators indicating when x-rays are produced one of which may be the milliampere meter and the other a red light this light must be labeled:**
**X-RAY ON**
171
**X-ray systems must have a minimum of (______) visible indicators indicating when x-rays are being produced. :**
**2**
172
**When is an X-RAY TUBE radioactive?**
**Never...... ISOTOPES are Radioactive not an X-RAY TUBE**
173
**What is a sure way to know that the x-ray machine is off and approachable after an exposure :**
**Survey the X-RAY machine with a survey meter**
174
**AFTER the completion of an x-ray exposure and turning the system to stand-by:**
**You may approach the tube head immediately without fear of exposure**
175
**Typically the exposures duration is controlled by:**
**Automatically via an integrated timer**
176
**You must notify the NRC in writing within (_______) days after a failed leak test has been determined.**
**5 days**
177
**The maximum allowable leakage for a leak test is:**
**0.005 microcuries**
178
**A source must be leak tested every:**
**6 months**
179
**An exposure device containing DU must be leak tested every:**
**Annually**
180
**A source is received by the licensee; it must be accompanied by a certificate showing that it has been leak tested within the last months. :**
**6 months**
181
**An exposure device using depleted uranium as shielding must be leak tested every 12 months. The maximum amount of removable material found shall not exceed:**
**0.005 microcuries**
182
**A radiographer is the individual responsible for the safe operations during radiography. :**
**TRUE**
183
**An assistant radiographer assists the radiographer in maintaining security of the source during radiographic operations. :**
**TRUE**
184
**A survey meter measures current dose rate and must be used during all radiographic operations**
**TRUE**
185
**A survey meter must be calibrated at intervals not to exceed 6 months. :**
**TRUE**
186
**It is never permissible to work without a calibrated survey meter. :**
**TRUE**
187
**A film badge or TLD must be worn during all radiographic operations. :**
**TRUE**
188
**A dosimeter must be worn during all radiographic operations. :**
**TRUE**
189
**A rate alarm must be worn during all radiographic operations. :**
**TRUE**
190
**It is never permissible to work without a rate alarm if you are the assistant**
**TRUE**
191
**The symbol R stands for roentgen. :**
**TRUE**
192
**The symbol mR stands for milliroentgen. :**
**TRUE**
193
**One roentgen or 1 R is equal to:**
**1000 milliRoentgens**
194
**Radioactive material that is encased in a capsule designed to prevent leakage or escape of the material is known as a :**
**Sealed source**
195
**A tube through which the radioactive source travels when outside a radiographic exposure device or camera is known as the:**
**Guide tube**
196
**Survey meters must be calibrated at intervals not to exceed:**
**6 months and/or after instrument servicing except for battery changes**
197
**The fact that gasses when bombarded by ionizing radiation become conductors of electrical current make them useful in:**
**Radiation detection equipment**
198
**Radiation detection instruments measure exposure to radiating energies based on the principal called:**
**Ionization**
199
**The rate of radiation exposure is measured by the :**
**Survey meter**
200
**Dosimeters must be calibrated at intervals not to exceed:**
**Yearly**
201
**Rate alarms must be calibrated at intervals not to exceed:**
**Yearly**
202
**A radiographer reads 100 on the 10X scale of his survey meter what is the current dose rate at his position :**
**1 R/h**
203
**The sealed sources used in industrial x-ray emit what type of radiation :**
**Gamma rays**
204
**The ball on a source assembly that prevents the source from exiting through the back of the camera is called:**
**Stop ball**
205
**A high radiation area is defined as an area accessible to individuals in which they could receive a dose in excess of :**
**100 mR per hour**
206
**When performing radiography in the field regulations require the radiographer to post not only the radiation area but also the :**
**The high radiation area**
207
**As you approach the camera after the exposure has ended you should:**
**Observe the survey meter as you approach**
208
**Once you reach the camera after the exposure has ended you should:**
**Survey the cameras circumference and the guide tube to insure the source is secured**
209
**The person(s) with authority to authorize an assistant radiographer to operate the camera on the jobsite is:**
**The radiographer**
210
**When a radiographer becomes incapacitated it is ok for the assistant radiographer to return the source to the shielded position.**
**TRUE**
211
**It is ok for the radiographer to be conducting radiography while the assistant is in the darkroom processing film.**
**FALSE**
212
**Small amounts of exposure to x-rays or gamma rays will:**
**Have a cumulative effect which must be considered when monitoring for maximum permissible exposure**
213
**An acute exposure to radiation would have the greatest effect or be most harmful to which of the following body parts :**
**Trunk of the body**
214
**Which of the following would be considered fatal if the exposure or dose were to the body in a very short period :**
**400R (4 SV) to 800R (8 SV)**
215
**X-rays and gamma rays damage human body tissue by a process known as:**
**Ionization**
216
**The basic difference between x-rays and gamma rays is?**
**Their origin**
217
**The most penetrating radiation from radioisotopes is:**
**Gamma rays**
218
**The annual TEDE limit for the radiation worker must be limited to a dose of:**
**5 REMS (.05 SV) per calendar year**
219
**The standard dose rate or emissivity of a radioisotope is expressed in:**
**Roentgens (SV) per hour per curie (GBQ) at a distance of one (1) foot from the source**
220
**Before any radiographic testing can be started or performed there must be radiation detection devices present. They must be calibrated operable and used during operations They are:**
**1. Survey meter
2. Rate Alarm
3. Pocket Dosimeter
4. Personnel dosimeter**
221
**ALARA means radiation exposure as low as reasonably achievable**
**TRUE**
222
**A self-reading pocket dosimeter alarm rate meter and film badge/ TLD shall be worn by radiographic personnel:**
**At all times during radiographic operations**
223
**Film badges / TLDS? worn by radiographic personnel shall be processed:**
**At least once a month**
224
**The film badge operates on the principle that (_____________________) exposes the film. :**
**Ionizing radiation**
225
**The pocket dosimeter has the advantage of:**
**Providing an immediate indication of radiation exposure**
226
**An off-scale pocket dosimeter reading requires immediate action. What must be that actions be :**
**1. Stop working immediately
2. Contact the RSO
3. Follow companies operating and emergency procedures**
227
**The quantity of radioactive material also known as its specific activity is measured in :**
**Curies per gram**
228
**The inverse square law as applied to protection from radiation states that:**
**Radiation intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance**
229
**The three (3) basic means of providing personnel protection from radiation are:**
**Time distance and shielding**
230
**The thickness of a material which stops one-half of the radiation penetrating it is called:**
**Half value layer**
231
**Which of the following provides the best protection from external radiation :**
**1. Time
2. Distance
3. Shielding**
232
**What is the permissible radiation level at the perimeter of a restricted area? :**
**No more than 2 mR (.02 MSV) in any one (1) hour**
233
**What is the permissible radiation level at the perimeter of a radiation area? :**
**No more than 5 mR (.05 MSV) in any one (1) hour**
234
**In practice which of the following area(s) are normally barricaded with a rope or tape barrier or cones and the appropriate warning signs :**
**1. The Restricted Area perimeter
2. The High Radiation Area perimeter**
235
**At the boundary of an area that exceeds 100 mR/HR (1 MSV/HR) posting with signs is necessary. Which of the following must be used?**
**Caution High Radiation Area**
236
**At a distance of two (2) feet from a radiation source the radiation intensity is 300 R/HR (3MSV/HR) what is the intensity at a distance of eight (8) feet from the source :**
**18.75 R/hr**
## Footnote
**1. IDENTIFY THE GIVEN VALUES
Initial intensity (I1) 300 R/hr
Initial distance (d1) 2 feet
New distance (d2) 8 feet
2. CALCULATE THE RATIO OF THE DISTANCES
Divide the initial distance by the new distance
(these are fraction signs ({) and (})
{d1}{d2} = (or fraction 2 OVER THE 8) {2}{8} = 0.25
3. SQUARE THE RATIO
Multiply the ratio by itself
0.25 times 0.25 = 0.0625 (OR if your calculator has a Square Root Key you can use that instead of multiplying 0.25 times itself)
4. MULTIPLY THE INITIAL INTENSITY BY THE SQUARED RATIO
Multiply 300 R/hr by 0.0625
300 times 0.0625 = 18.75
STEP-BY-STEP ON A BASIC CALCULATOR
1. Enter 2 and press the division key (÷).
2. Enter 8 and press the equals key (=). You should get 0.25.
3. Enter 0.25 and press the multiplication key (×).
4. Enter 0.25 again and press the equals key (=). You should get 0.0625.
5. Enter 300 and press the multiplication key (×).
6. Enter 0.0625 and press the equals key (=). You should get 18.75.
So, the radiation intensity at a distance of 8 feet from the source is 18.75 R/hr**
237
**What would be the distance from a new 100 curies (3700 GBQ) Iridium 192 source without a collimator to the point where the radiation intensity is 2 R/HR (.02 MSV/HR) Use 5.2R as emissivity.**
**1. the 2mR/h boundary would be at 477.5 feet
2. the 5mR/h boundary would be at 301.99 feet
3. the 100mR/h boundary would be at 68 feet**
| **please email me Harold2112@Gmail.com if you find anything wrong**
238
242 What is the mR/HR (MSV/HR) output from a 100 curie (3700 GBQ) Iridium 192 source unshielded at a distance of 250 feet :
8.32mR/h
239
243 Before working with radioactive sources you must have available at the radiographic site:
State or Federal regulations AND Operating and emergency procedures AND Companies radioactive materials license
240
244 The dosimeter measures total dose history and must read from 0 up to 200 mRem (2MSV) it shall be recharged (zeroed) :
At the start of the shift
241
**The area known as the center of an atom is called the:**
**Nucleus**
242
246 The quality factor for x-rays and gamma rays and beta particles is essentially :
1
243
247 The quality factor alpha (rays) particles is essentially :
20
244
248 The film badge/ TLD should be stored
Cool area AND Dry area AND Secure/ safe area
245
249 If your film badge/ TLD is lost you must:
Follow your companies operating and emergency procedures
246
250 Alarm rate meters must be checked:
At the start of each work shift to ensure that the alarm functions properly prior to use
247
251 Alarm rate meters must be set to give an alarm signal at:
500 mR/HR (5 MSV/HR)
248
252 An occupational dose to an embryo/fetus of a declared pregnant woman during the entire pregnancy shall not exceed:
500 mREM (5 mSV)
249
253 The survey meter measures the radiation field strength and shall have a range such that can be measured :
2 mR/HR (.02 mSV/HR through 1 R/HR (10 mSV/HR)
250
254 No exposure device shall have an exterior surface reading in excess of:
200 mR/HR (2 mSV/HR)
251
**The term REM stands for:**
**Roentgen Equivalent Man**
252
256 The radiographer is responsible for clearing the restricted area of unauthorized personnel at the:
Time the preliminary control is established
253
257 Areas used for radiography must be restricted so that anyone present at the perimeter will not receive a radiation dose in excess of:
2 mR (.02 MSV) in any one (1) hour
254
258 When transporting radioactive materials survey the driver?s compartment to ensure that the radiation reading does not exceed:
2 mR/HR (.02 mSV/HR)
255
259 Sealed sources must be tested for leakage at least one every:
Six months
256
260 Full deflection of a survey meter (pegged while on battery check) means :
Meter may or may not be working properly
257
261 A radiographer?s survey meter is showing 0 near the source he can safely assume:
The meter is in an in-operable state the radiographer should retreat from the source until an operational meter has replaced the suspect meter.
258
259
264 The mechanism that is responsible for moving the source from the shielded position to an un-shielded position and back is called the :
Drive cable
260
268 The atomic weight of Iridium 192 is:
192
261
269 The atomic weight of Cobalt 60 is:
60
262
270 A cobalt 60 exposure device weighs more than an iridium 192 device because :
Cobalt 60 energy is higher than Iridium and requires more shielding material
263
271 A state issued radiographers? certificate (State Card) is valid for:
5 years
264
272 The inverse square law is used to express the relationship between distance and:
Intensity
265
273 The transport index refers to:
The dose rate at 1 meter from the surface of a package
266
274 Which of the following is not a major cause of radiography over exposures :
The wrong type of source material has been put in the exposure device
267
275 A survey instrument must be capable of an accuracy of:
Plus or minus 20 %
268
276 Wavelike radiation travels at:
at the speed of light without regard to pressure temperature or magnetic fields
269
277 The two basic types of radiation are:
particulate and electromagnetic
270
278 X-rays are produced by an X-ray tube by the:
passage of electrons across the tube striking the target
271
279 Radio waves microwaves and infrared waves are types of:
non-ionizing radiation
272
280 X-radiation is created by applying a:
high-voltage direct current across the cathode of a vacuum tube
273
281 As a radioisotope decays the elements return to a stable state by undergoing several steps; once complete the material continues to produce radiation.
FALSE
274
282 Activation is the process of bombarding material with:
excess neutrons
275
283 Source decay is:
constant
276
284 A person who receives a dose of 100 REM over a 24-hour period will have the same biological effects as someone who receives a dose of 250 REM over a 20-year period :
FALSE
277
285 The annual dose limit to the extremities and skin for the radiographer must be limited to a dose of:
50 REMS (.5 SV) per calendar year
278
286 Low doses of radiation over long periods of time are known as:
chronic
279
287 Defects that are passed on to your children are what type of effect :
Genetic
280
**Delayed effects caused from radiation exposure might be:**
**genetic defects & cancer**
281
289 When a source is leaking and a radiographer gets contaminated on his hands and clothing the dose is said to be an:
External dose
282
290 If exposed to a whole-body dose of radiation which would receive the highest dose of radiation :
Skin
283
291 Prompt effects of radiation exposure to acute doses include:
Blood changes AND nausea AND fatigue
284
292 Which is a disadvantage of a Geiger-Muller type survey meter :
it can saturate and read zero at high intensities
285
293 Survey meters pocket dosimeters and rate alarms can be calibrated with:
Cesium or Cobalt
286
294 Which is more accurate at higher energies for measuring radiation intensity :
Geiger-muller survey meter
287
**You are getting no reading at the surface of an exposure device you should:**
**switch to lower range and place on surface**
288
296 The survey meter is reading 0 on the X1 scale near the source what is this telling you :
survey meter is not functioning correctly
289
297 Pocket dosimeters must be replaced quarterly. :
FALSE
