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1. Radiation Protection > RS > Flashcards

RS Flashcards

1
Q

Deterministic effects

A

High dose (> 100 mSv)
Tissue damage
DIfferent thresholds for different organs

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2
Q

Stochastic effects

A

low and long-term radiation exposure
no threshold
severity of effects is independent of dose

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3
Q

What is the LNT model?

A

Probability of stochastic effect increases proportional with the dose.
No threshold for effects to appear.
At high doses there is a clear linear relationship between risk and dose.

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4
Q

What are some limitations of the LNT model?

A
  • need a large sample size to get a useful degree of precision
  • at very low doses it is hard to correlate any irradiation with certain bio-effects as the baseline cancer rate is high (40%)
  • doesn’t take into account the adaptive response of the body.
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5
Q

Threshold model

A

there is a threshold below which there is no risk
different for each person
can lead to reduction of exposure limits

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6
Q

Hormesis Model

A

low doses may have a positive effect
cellular repair is simulated, enhancing the body’s response

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7
Q

Supralinear Model

A

risk from low doses is higher than expected
irradiatied cells may damage neighbouring cells
takes into account sensitive sub-groups

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8
Q

Bell-shaped Model

A

cells are killed, therefore, risk decreases
ignores repair-repopulation

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9
Q

Plateau Model

A

increase risk as more cells are mutated
takes into account repopulation
risk reaches a plateau at high doses

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10
Q

Full Mechanistic Model

A

cells are killed but not fully repopulated
every tissue has a different ability to repopulate
takes into account fractionation

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11
Q

man-Sievert

A

the dose accumulated by a group of people

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12
Q

Cost-benefit analysis

A

net benefit = gross benefit
-production cost
-cost of protection
-cost of detriment (man-Sv)

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13
Q

What are the five steps of a risk assessment?

A
  1. Identify the hazard
  2. Identify who is harmed
  3. Evaluate risks
  4. Record findings
  5. Review and revise
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14
Q

What should be included in a risk assessment?

A
  • description of work
  • sources of radiation
  • dose rate estimates
  • contamination
  • control measures
  • accidents
  • actions
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15
Q

Radiation Accident

A

an accident where immediate action would be required to prevent or reduce exposure

requires a contingency plan

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16
Q

What is a Practice?

A

a human activity that can increase the exposure of individuals to radiation from an ionising radiation source

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17
Q

What is an Intervention?

A

activities that seek to reduce the existing radiation exposure, or the likelihood of incurring exposure

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18
Q

How is a Practice justified?

A

benefits should outweigh the risks of ionising radiation
take into account social, political, and radiological aspects

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19
Q

How are Interventions justified?

A

should do more good than harm, having regard to health, social and economic factors

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20
Q

When do dose limits not apply?

A

medical exposures
urgent/emergecy interventions

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21
Q

Planned Exposure

A

activities considered as Practicies or potential exposure situations from forseeable accidents

dose limitation, optimisation through dose constraints

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22
Q

Emergency Exposure

A

a non-routine situation that necesitates prompt action to mitigate a hazard or adverse consequence for human health and safety

optimisation through dose reference levels

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23
Q

Existing Exposure

A

situation that already exists when a decision on control has to be taken (eg NORM)

optimisation through dose reference levels

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24
Q

Healthcare occupational dose constraint

A

0.3 mSv/yr

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25
Q

What are dose constarints for occupatinal exposures used for?

A

limit the range of options considered in optimisation

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26
Q

What are dose constarints for public exposures used for?

A

an upper bound of any annual dose to be received for planned operation of a controlled source

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27
Q

Representative Person

A

an individual receiving a dose that is representative of the more highly exposed individuals in a population

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28
Q

Critical Group

A

those most highly exposed by the source

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29
Q

NORM

A

Naturally Occuring Radioactive Material
a RAM containing no significant amounts of radionuclides other than naturally occuring radionuclides

30
Q

Radon action level

A

200 Bq/m^3

31
Q

Work in a radon atmosphere

A

> 300 Bq/m^3

HSE should be notified

32
Q

How is randon conc. measured?

A

an etched track type detector is placed in situ for 3 months and the results are converted to an annual average

33
Q

Control measures for radon

A

increase ventilation
sealing gaps and cracks
fans
rubber membranes

34
Q

Accidental Patient Exposure

A

an individual has received an exposure when no exposure was expected

35
Q

Unintended Exposure

A

although an exposure was intended, the exposure the individual received was significantly greater or different to what was intended

36
Q

Clinically Significant Accidental or Unintended Exposure

A

an exposure which leads to a risk of 1 in 1,000 or one which has caused harm to the individual (e.g psychological harm)

37
Q

What is a research exposure?

A

an exposure which is required as an integral part of, and for, the puposes for research:
* confirm eligibility
* assess disease baseline
* image guided procedures

38
Q

What do the Health Research Authority do?

A
  • ensure that research is ethically reviewed and approved
  • provide recommendations on the processing of patient data where it is not practical to obtain consent

(HRA managed radiation assurance)

39
Q

Which docs are reviewed during radiation assurance?

A
  • trial protocol
  • research exposure form
  • participant info sheet
40
Q

What does an MPE research review consist of?

A
  • dose and radiation risk assessment
  • advice on wording for PIS
  • use of national DRLs
41
Q

What does an CRE research review consist of?

A

advice on the suitability and justification for additional exposures

42
Q

Cancer risk coefficient

A

5% per Sv

43
Q

What is the aim of the Research Ethics Committee?

A

safeguard the rights, safety, dignity and well-being of participants

44
Q

What does an MPE do?

A

give advice on matters relating to radiation physics applied to medical exposures:
* optimisation of patient doses
* acceptance testing of new equipment
* radiation protection training to practitioners

45
Q

Who is involved in the RP management framework?

A
  • employer
  • RPA
  • MPE
  • RPS
  • managers with RP resonsibilities
46
Q

What is the purpose of a radiation protection comittee?

A
  • write and approve RS docs
  • review personal monitoring and incodents
  • take action to ensure compliance
  • discuss training issues
47
Q

What is the purpose of a medical exposure comittee?

A
  • write and approve IRMER docs
  • review patient does and DRLs
  • optimise doses
48
Q

What is the purpose of an audit?

A
  • check and demonstrate compliance with regs
  • identify issues and encourage improvement
49
Q

Types of audit

A
  • CQC (clinical audit)
  • HSE (IRR audit)
50
Q

What are the classification doses?

A

whole body dose: 6 mSv
eye dose: 15 mSv
skin/extremity dose: 150 mSv

51
Q

Who is a classified worker?

A

an individual who works with a source of ionising radiation capable of exposing a person to a dose rate such that a dose limit would be exceeded within a few minutes

52
Q

Who is an Appointed Doctor?

A

a registered medical practitioner who has been appointed by the HSE and they must certify that a classified worker is fit to work with ionising radiation

53
Q

What is an outside worker?

A

a person who enters a controlled area of another employer to provide a service

54
Q

What arrangements should be made for outside workers?

A
  • AxREM form to handover the controlled area
  • OW employer should provide passbook and dosimetry from ADS
  • CA employer must arrange for estimated dose to be entered into passbook
  • Employers should exchange info regarding entry arrangements and training requirements
55
Q

When is co-operation of employers required?

A

when work with ionising radiation undertaken by one employer is likely to give rise to the exposure to radiation of the employee of another employer

56
Q

What is the HSE graded approach to Practices?

A
  1. Notification
  2. Registration
  3. Consent
57
Q

Notification requirements

A

work with < 1,000 kg of artificial or naturally occurring radionuclides

no evidence required

58
Q

Registration requirements

A
  • radiation generators, x-ray devices
  • > = 1,000 kg of RAM that is above low end conc levels
  • < 1,000 kg of RAM that is above medium conc levels

no evidence required

59
Q

What do the HSE require confirmation of before Registration?

A
  • local rules
  • appointment of RPS
  • number of different types of equipment
  • risk assessment
  • controlled and supervised areas
60
Q

What are some Practices which require Consent?

A
  • administering radionuclides
  • addition of radioactive substances into products
  • operation of an accelerator (LINAC)
  • long-term storage of RAW

requires full radiation assessment and inspection

61
Q

What does a HSE radiation safety assessment consider?

A
  • number of employees
  • details of equipment/radionuclides
  • dose rates
  • engineering controls
  • results of critical exam
  • copies of local rules and risk assessment
62
Q

What is considered during an investigation of a staff incident?

A
  • work routine of individual and colleagues
  • radiation monitors
  • adherence to local rules
  • any known incidents
  • training
63
Q

What would the HSE like to see during an inspection?

A
  • radiation safety policy
  • risk assessments
  • local rules
  • critical exams
  • environmental monitoring results
  • training records
64
Q

What would the CQC like to see during an inspection?

A
  • radiation safety policy
  • IRMER procedures
  • clinical audits
  • QA records
  • training records
65
Q

What do the ICRP do?

A

International Comission on Radiological Protection
* provide a framework for national regs
* dose limits
* ALARA (supports LNT model)

66
Q

What do UNSCEAR do?

A

United Nations Scientific Committee on Effects of Atomic Radiation
* provide scientific basis for radiation protection
* assessment and reporting of levels and effects of ionising radiation

67
Q

What do the ICRU do?

A

International Comission on Radiological Units
* develop recommendations on quantities and units for radiation and radioactivity, terminology, procedures for measurements

68
Q

What do the IAEA do?

A

International Atomic Energy Agency
* provides practical support and guidance regarding nuclear safety, security, science
* publishes BSS based on ICRP docs

69
Q

What are the annual dose limits for radiation workers?

A

Whole body: 20 mSv
Eye: 20 mSv
Skin/Extremities: 500 mSv

70
Q

What is the annual public dose limit?

A

1 mSv

1. Radiation Protection (3 decks)

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