NM Flashcards
For Tc-99m, when does IRR17 apply?
> 100 Bq/g and > 10 MBq
What is included in a risk assessment?
- description of work
- nature of hazard (energy, activity, half-life)
- exposed persons
- contamination
- control measures
- accidents (spill, ingestion, needlestick)
- location
- doses and dose rates (routine and accidents)
When must local rules be used?
for controlled areas
What must be included in the local rules?
- description of area
- working instructions to restrict exposure
- access arrangements
- dose investigation levels
- name of RPS
- contingency plan
What else may be included in the local rules?
- testing and maintanence
- dosimetry of staff
- audit and compliance
- details of RPA
When is a contingency plan required?
where the accident could result in an exposure which exceeds normal planned exposures
Examples of when a contingency plan is required
- spills
- personal contamination
- loss of source
Who should be notified of staff over-exposures?
HSE
Effective dose
sum of equivalent doses to the exposed organs or tissues multiplied by tissue weighting factors
helps estimate risk from stochastic effects
How can percutaneous absorption be minimised?
- PPE (gloves, apron, arm coverings)
- quick removal of contaminated
- dose monitoring is important
What should you do after a needlestick injury?
- wash area with soap
- encourage bleeding
- contamination monitoring
How to minimise dose from extravasation?
- check lines with saline
- elevate the arm
- squeeze stress ball
Legislation involved in radionuclide therapies
- IRR17 (staff and public)
- IRMER17 (patient and ARSAC)
- EPR (licence and waste)
What is included in a therapy risk assessment?
- external dose rate from patient
- excretion factors
- contact restrictions
- visitors
How are restriction times calculated?
- post-administration dose rates at different distances
- clearance curves
- administred activity
- dose constraints
Why are restriction times for younger children longer?
After the restriction period is over, they tend to have more prolonged and closer contact with the patient
What is a sealed source?
a non-dispersable source
flood source for QA
What is a high-activity sealed source?
sealed source for which the quantity of the radionuclide is equal to or exceeds the relevant quantity value
brachytherapy, requires additional security measures
What is a open source?
one which can be dispersed but is not waste
Tc-99m vials, Mo/Tc generator
What is radioactive waste?
any open or sealed source which can no longer be used and above a certain threshold
What is the key legislation for the control of RAM?
Environmental Permitting Regulations 2016
Enforced by the Environmental Agency
What does EPR govern?
- the amount of RAM which can be held for a particular purpose
- how it is kept and used
- how RAW is disposed of
When is a source no longer a source?
- after patient administration
- any source moved to accumulating waste
- liquid sources being discharged as waste to drains
- open sources transferred to another permitted holder
Whic category is least hazardous under EPR?
category 5 sealed source