NM Flashcards

1
Q

For Tc-99m, when does IRR17 apply?

A

> 100 Bq/g and > 10 MBq

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2
Q

What is included in a risk assessment?

A
  • description of work
  • nature of hazard (energy, activity, half-life)
  • exposed persons
  • contamination
  • control measures
  • accidents (spill, ingestion, needlestick)
  • location
  • doses and dose rates (routine and accidents)
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3
Q

When must local rules be used?

A

for controlled areas

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4
Q

What must be included in the local rules?

A
  • description of area
  • working instructions to restrict exposure
  • access arrangements
  • dose investigation levels
  • name of RPS
  • contingency plan
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5
Q

What else may be included in the local rules?

A
  • testing and maintanence
  • dosimetry of staff
  • audit and compliance
  • details of RPA
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6
Q

When is a contingency plan required?

A

where the accident could result in an exposure which exceeds normal planned exposures

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7
Q

Examples of when a contingency plan is required

A
  • spills
  • personal contamination
  • loss of source
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8
Q

Who should be notified of staff over-exposures?

A

HSE

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9
Q

Effective dose

A

sum of equivalent doses to the exposed organs or tissues multiplied by tissue weighting factors

helps estimate risk from stochastic effects

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10
Q

How can percutaneous absorption be minimised?

A
  • PPE (gloves, apron, arm coverings)
  • quick removal of contaminated
  • dose monitoring is important
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11
Q

What should you do after a needlestick injury?

A
  • wash area with soap
  • encourage bleeding
  • contamination monitoring
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12
Q

How to minimise dose from extravasation?

A
  • check lines with saline
  • elevate the arm
  • squeeze stress ball
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13
Q

Legislation involved in radionuclide therapies

A
  • IRR17 (staff and public)
  • IRMER17 (patient and ARSAC)
  • EPR (licence and waste)
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14
Q

What is included in a therapy risk assessment?

A
  • external dose rate from patient
  • excretion factors
  • contact restrictions
  • visitors
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15
Q

How are restriction times calculated?

A
  • post-administration dose rates at different distances
  • clearance curves
  • administred activity
  • dose constraints
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16
Q

Why are restriction times for younger children longer?

A

After the restriction period is over, they tend to have more prolonged and closer contact with the patient

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17
Q

What is a sealed source?

A

a non-dispersable source

flood source for QA

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18
Q

What is a high-activity sealed source?

A

sealed source for which the quantity of the radionuclide is equal to or exceeds the relevant quantity value

brachytherapy, requires additional security measures

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19
Q

What is a open source?

A

one which can be dispersed but is not waste

Tc-99m vials, Mo/Tc generator

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20
Q

What is radioactive waste?

A

any open or sealed source which can no longer be used and above a certain threshold

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21
Q

What is the key legislation for the control of RAM?

A

Environmental Permitting Regulations 2016

Enforced by the Environmental Agency

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22
Q

What does EPR govern?

A
  • the amount of RAM which can be held for a particular purpose
  • how it is kept and used
  • how RAW is disposed of
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23
Q

When is a source no longer a source?

A
  • after patient administration
  • any source moved to accumulating waste
  • liquid sources being discharged as waste to drains
  • open sources transferred to another permitted holder
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24
Q

Whic category is least hazardous under EPR?

A

category 5 sealed source

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25
What is included in a EPR permit?
* permitted activities (storage and use of RAM, accumulation of RAW, production, transport) * permitted radionuclides and max activity limits * RAW (activity, volume limits, accumulation period) * waste disposal routes (annual/monthly activity limits, disposal route)
26
What are Publicly Available Permits for?
unsealed source and associated waste | must display
27
What are Standard Rules Permits for?
all sealed sources taken together must fall into category 5 and don't accumulate waste | do not display permit
28
What are Security Permits for?
sealed source and associated waste | cat 1-4
29
Control measures to restrict unauthorised access to open sources held under a “Publicly Available” permit
* sources under continous supervision * suitable container in a suitable store * hazard warning signage * locks * training of staff to support
30
Actions “Publicly Available” permit conditions require to do if radioactive material has been lost or stolen
* inform police and EA * recover the sources as far as is reasonably practicable * report the situation to the EA in writing ASAP
31
What is an orphan source?
a source which has fallen out of regulatory control
32
What are the permit conditions for a HASS source?
* security in line with NaCTSO restricted doc * photos of sources * timely police response to alarm * Deter, Detect, Delay, Respond
33
NaCTSO
National Counter Terrorism Security Office
34
CTSA
Counter Terrorism Security Advisor | advise the EA if security measures are satisfactory
35
ARSAC
Administration of Radioactive Substances Advisory Committee
36
Assurances before an ARSAC licence is issued
* staff training * suitable facilities for administering * emergency procedures * management of RAW * QA
37
Requirements for a Practitioner ARSAC licence
medically qualified and meet the training requirements *(they are qualified to justify the exposures)* | not site specific
38
Requirements for a Employer ARSAC licence
must have available suitable equipment, facilities, and support staff | one per site
39
NM Practicies requiring Registration
radiation generators transport of RAM
40
NM Practicies requiring Consent
administration manufacture HASS for therapy storage/disposal of waste
41
When and why is an environmental impact assessment made?
* before an EPR permit can be obtained * used to define the limits in the permit
42
What is included in an environmental impact assessment?
* radiological and chemical properties of waste * activity released * waste route * identification of critical groups and estimated doses | if estimated dose >300uSv/yr, more in-depth assessment required
43
What are the principles of BAT?
* minimise activity of RAM kept and used * minimise period over which RAW is accumulated * minimise the activity of RAW that will require to be disposed * prevent the loss of a source * minimise the volume of RAW disposed of by transfer
44
Examples of BAT
* segregating waste by radionuclides reduces the volume * extending storage times reduce the dose to the environment * use alternative radionuclides to reduce the complexity of waste procedures
45
What is the limit for Very Low Level Waste?
< 400 kBq per 0.1 m^3 or < 40 kBq per item
46
CDG
**Carriage of Dangerous Goods** competent authority: Office of Nuclear Regulation | implements ADR
47
Who are the duty holder as defined in ADR/CDG?
**Consignor:** sender **Carrier:** transporter **Consignee:** receiver
48
What are the responisbilities of the driver transporting RAM in an emergency?
* carry emergency plan * notify emergency services, local authority, consignor * assist in the handling of a radiation emergency
49
What are the responisbilities of the consignor in an emergency?
* notify emergency services, health authority * notify ONR if emergency plan was initiated * assist in handling of a radiation emergency
50
What are the responisbilities of the carrier in an emergency?
* arrange for examination of load for contamination * arrange for safe disposal/ decontamination
51
What is an Exempt package?
for Tc-99m limit = 10 MBq | not subject to the regs
52
What is an Excepted package?
* limit = 400 MBq * external surface dose rate < 5 uSv/hr
53
What is an Type A package?
* limit = 4 TBq * external surface dose rate < 10 mSv/hr
54
What are the design requirements for a Type A package?
* hard wearing * easily decontaminated * no collection/retention of water * easily carried and secured
55
What tests are carried out on Type A packaging?
* water spray * free fall from 9 m * stacking * penetration
56
Transport Index
dose rate (uSv/h) at 1m / 10
57
How is the category of a Type A package determined?
the TI and max surface dose rate are used
58
White I
TI: 0 DR: < 0.005 mSv/h
59
Yellow II
TI: 0-1 DR: 0.005 - 0.5 mSv/h
60
Yellow III
TI: 1-10 DR: 0.5 - 2 mSv/h
61
Yellow III*
TI: > 10 DR: 2 - 10 mSv/h
62
What labelling is used for radioactive packages?
* UN number * consignor/consignee details * class 7 * contents, activity, TI * radioactive tape
63
What is incuded in transport of RAM documentation?
* class 7 * name of radionuclide * physical and chemical description * max activity * names and address of consignor and consignee
64
What equipment should a vehicle transporting RAM have?
* PPE * fire extinguisher * chock * eyewash * training certificates * emergency plan * photo ID
65
Purpose of REPPIR
**Radiation Emergency Prepardness and Public Information Regs 2019** ensures that employees and the public are informed and prepared before an event, and provided with info in the case of an radiation emergency
66
Example of Category 1 source
gamma knife | most dangerous
67
Example of Category 2 source
industrial radiography high/medium DR brachy
68
Example of Category 3 and 4 sources
density moisture gauges low DR brachy
69
Example of Category 5 source
any Practice with A/D < 0.01 *A = source activity* *D = activity at which source becomes dangerous*
70
What is the minimum security level?
D | duties are imposed by IRR and EPR rather than REPPIR
71
Radiation Emergency
a non-routine event which is likely to result in a member of the public receiving an effective dose of >= 1 mSv during the year following the emergency
72
Who are the legal duties placed on under REPPIR?
* operators of radiological and nuclear installations * transporters of RAS via a public place (pipelines not road, air..) * local authorities * employers of people who intervene
73
When does REPPIR not apply?
* activity conc < 100 Bq/g * non-dispersable sources * RAS in type B and C packages
74
What are the operator responsibilities under REPPIR?
* hazard evaluation and consequence assessment * site emergency plan * liase with LA about public info and off-site plan * declare radiation emergency
75
Detailed Emergency Planning Zone
* emergency plan must be detailed * consequence assessment determines the extent of DEPZ * takes into account operator's proposal and factors specific to LA area
76
Outline Emergency Planning Zone
* plans only outlined * a likelihood of 1 in 20,000 in 5 years is the point at which outline planning is sufficient
77
What are the local authorities responsibilities under REPPIR?
* determine DEPZ * prepare off-site emergency plan * arrangements to provide public info * provide prior info to those in DEPZ * make info available in an emergency
78
What is included in an off-site emergency plan?
* keep doses ALARP * critical and long-term recovery phase * reference levels for exposure
79
Who do emergency exposures apply to?
Emergency workers who have been pre-identified and trained