RRLs to remember

Question 1

The older adult population, defined as those aged 60 years and older, is recognized to be a vulnerable population that are more likely to develop physical comorbidities compared to other age groups. The older adults are said to have a higher prevalence of health problems but may have issues in seeking healthcare services or personally addressing health needs

Answer 1

Poudel et al., 2022

Question 2

the older adult population comprise 12.3% of the total global population with Asia-Pacific Region having the largest number of older adults.

Answer 2

United Nations Development Program

Question 3

It is expected that the older adult population will grow by 56% worldwide

Answer 3

Dugarova, 2017

Question 4

In the Philippines, there is an increase in older adult household population from 7.5% in 2015 to 8.5% in 2020. The ageing index is expected to increase by 4.2% nationwide

Answer 4

Philippine Statistics Authority, 2022

Question 5

Health-seeking behaviors are activities or practices
that engage in health promotion and disease prevention

Answer 5

Saah, 2021

Question 6

These behaviors vary in terms of the nature of comorbidities, accessibility and financial capacity, and willingness of an individual. Health-seeking behaviors include, but are not limited to, dietary changes, engaging in frequent physical activities, utilization of healthcare services (regular health monitoring & seeking immediate medical attention as needed), use of prescribed medications, and avoidance of tobacco use and alcohol consumption. These behaviors may be categorized as behavioral characteristics and healthcare utilization

Answer 6

Poudel et al., 2022

Question 7

When health needs go unmet and unhealthy behaviors are practiced, older adult mortality increases

Answer 7

Baker & Clark, 2020

Question 8

In Butuan City, there is an increased trend of
unhealthy behaviors with percentages higher than national levels in terms of alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking, physical inadequacy, as well as the presence of morbidities such as hypertension and diabetes

Answer 8

DOST, 2018

Question 9

The average lifespan of humans is increasing. The
typical length has increased to the 60s and beyond in recent decades. The global trend toward an ageing society is reflected in an increase in both absolute numbers and the share of the population over 65 in every region. As of the year 2030, one in every six persons on the planet will be 60 or older. There will be 1.4 billion people aged 60 and above
in the world by 2020. The number of individuals aged 60 and more is expected to double throughout the globe by 2050 (2.1 billion). Between 2020 and 2050, the world’s population of
people aged 80 and over is projected to treble, from 168 million to 426 million

Answer 9

WHO, 2022

Question 10

Individuals aged 60 years and above are considered a vulnerable population; their illnesses are known as suffering comorbidities. Examples of comorbidities are diseases such as cancer and HIV/AIDS, Diabetes, Chronic Cardiovascular ailments, and chronic respiratory

Answer 10

PSA, 2020

Question 11

Increasing age has varied implications on how older Filipinos assess themselves depending on what portion of their lives they are evaluating. As individuals age, they are more likely to have chronic health problems and a decreased
quality of functioning. Older adults may more likely require health services compared to younger individuals. Despite the growing population of individuals living with chronic diseases worldwide, many are still able to continue functioning and continue to maintain their well-being. Approximately 8% of older people are receiving care due to continuing health conditions, thus classifying as long term care

Answer 11

Cruz,2019

Question 12

The human body can wear out overtime, due to the natural deteriorative process which can be related to the daily stresses that the body receives

Answer 12

Sattuar, 2020

Question 13

This would lead to a decline in physical, mental, and an increased risk of disease and death

Answer 13

WHO, 2022

Question 14

Comorbidity refers to the presence of more than one chronic and distinct health condition in an individual. It is defined as “any distinct additional entity that has existed or may occur during the clinical course of a patient who has the index disease under study”. There are four major types of distinctions made in the conceptualization of comorbidity: the nature of the health condition, the relative importance of the co-occurring conditions, the chronology of presentation of conditions, and expanded conceptualizations.
Comorbidity is always viewed as a person-level construct, regardless of the specific approach taken to define it

Answer 14

Valderas, 2009

Question 15

Comorbidity can occur with both communicable and noncommunicable diseases. Communicable diseases, such as HIV and tuberculosis, have been found to have a high rate of comorbidity with other chronic conditions

Answer 15

Oni, 2015

Question 16

Similarly, non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular, lung, and liver diseases have also been found to be associated with comorbidity. The presence of comorbidity can significantly impact an individual’s health outcomes and the management of their chronic conditions

Answer 16

The Academy of Medical Science, 2018

Question 17

The survey by Philippine Heart Association revealed that the incidence of cardiovascular diseases in hospital-based populations indicates that hypertension has the highest prevalence at 38.6% among cardiovascular diseases, according to a study by

Answer 17

Sison et. al. (2020)

Question 18

Hypertension is a highly prevalent disease and remains a significant concern for public health systems. This can be traced back to poor behavioral characteristics such as physical inactivity, alcohol consumption, smoking, and poor dietary habits. The risk of hypertension increases with age. Making it prevalent in older adults estimated at 7 out of 10 adults, aged 65 years and older

Answer 18

Muli et al., 2020

Question 19

at Butuan City, 39.3% of older adults are hypertensive, 21.8% have high fasting blood sugar, 30% are current alcohol 20 consumers, 12.8% are tobacco smokers, and 48.2% are insufficiently physically active. According to the survey, these percentages are significantly higher than national levels indicating an increased trend of unhealthy behaviors/practices in the city.

Answer 19

2018 Expanded National Nutrition Survey conducted by the Department of Science and Technology (DOST)

Question 20

Generally, health or care seeking behavior refers to any activity made by persons who feel themselves to have a health condition or to be unwell with the intention of finding a suitable treatment

Answer 20

Oberoi et al., 2017

Question 21

older people do follow some preventive measures but were not completely informed of the risks and grounds behind it, hence, some were reluctant or unable to follow health restrictions. Female older adult, dubbed as “homemakers” in the study, showed higher adherence to precautions since getting infected would increase their burden on responsibilities to the household. Thus, health seeking behaviors were more observed in females as a means to protect the whole family and decrease added responsibilities in the household.

Answer 21

Mou et al., (2022)

Question 22

In contrast, they discovered that older adult men (58.2%) had a higher likelihood of health-seeking behavior than females (41%). It was because older adult men in their study were shown to have more illnesses than females. Results also revealed that the greater education, the more there is access to information, especially in terms of health promotion & disease prevention. This justifies the finding that those with formal or higher education are more likely to take part in health precautions. However, not all having higher education actively engaged in health-seeking behaviors following their mistrust in rules and regulations by the state and experts.

Answer 22

Barua et al., (2017)

Question 23

discussed in their study that older adults sought health information from a variety of sources in order to broaden and validate their knowledge and understanding, as well as to analyze the dependability and quality of health information. The most often reported sources were provider, internet, family, and peers, but the order varied across participants. By doing so, older adults were able to confirm the accuracy of the material they had discovered online, compare it to that of their peers, or better comprehend any health issues that their physician had raised. Even while there is more consumer of health information available online and older persons are using the internet more frequently, there has not been a rise in the reliability of online information. The inclination of older persons to seek health information from healthcare providers remains consistent. The choice for providers as a source of health information was associated with concerns of trust and the idea that physicians have more dependable and accurate knowledge than other sources of health information.

Answer 23

Turner et al., (2018)

Question 24

most older adults learned about the herbal medications they bought through radio advertisements. This is particularly illuminating given that herbal items were also advertised in other media, such as posters and newspapers. Additionally, 95% of them claimed that radio advertisements had a significant influence on their health-related decisions while only 5% did not agree. This is because radio commercials, particularly those for herbal treatments, give customers crucial information to help them make a buying decision.

Answer 24

Ayimey et al., (2020)

Question 25

Also, traditional media, such as posters and leaflets, can be a useful tool for promoting health, especially among older adults. When used in conjunction with other media, they will be more powerful

Answer 25

Barik et al., 2019

Question 26

Moreover, Filipino seniors often self-manage their by keeping track of their symptoms, looking for potential reasons, assessing the severity and danger to their ability to function, and weighing the financial and emotional burdens on their loved ones before seeking professional care. Traditional home remedies, such as complementary or alternative treatments, may even be tried. They may choose to confide in a member of their immediate family, a close friend, a spiritual guide, or a practitioner of alternative medicine

Answer 26

Stanford Medicine, n.d.

Question 27

about 63.3% of the people who participated had an illness in the year prior to the study, but only 35.3% of those people sought medical treatment from a doctor (which is considered to be “good health seeking behavior”). On the other hand, 57.9% of those people admitted to using any one of the following: selfmedication, consulting a spiritualist, or using herbal medicine (poor health-seeking behaviour).

Answer 27

Adewoye et al. (2021)

Question 28

Seeking medical attention may be broken down into three primary “fundamental conditioning elements,” which are referred to as predisposing, enabling, and necessity factors respectively. The term “predisposing factors” refers to socio demographic aspects of a person’s life, including their employment, level of education, marital status, and health attitudes. Availability of health care services, awareness of the services given, capacity to travel, cost, health insurance coverage, proximity to health services, and quality of health care services are all examples of enabling factors. A person’s perspective of the individual’s own health situation is considered to be a need factor

Answer 28

Irwan et al., 2017).

Question 29

it was found out that education level, age, and gender were significant predictors of health seeking behavior when it came to visiting the doctor. It was shown that those with a higher level of education are more likely to seek medical care when ill. Results also revealed that older individuals are more likely to seek medical care because they are more likely to develop diseases and illnesses requiring treatment. The results also showed that more women than men sought medical care. On the other hand, marital status did not influence health-seeking behaviors as respondents were OFWs and away from partners/families.

Answer 29

Jabar (2019)

Question 30

non-married individuals are possibly more impoverished when it comes to economic and social status than married older adults. Even after controlling for various socioeconomic and demographic factors, research has indicated that those who are not married, particularly widowed people, have poorer health leading them to rely more on healthcare services.

Answer 30

Hossain et al., (2020)

Question 31

states that compared to older adult people with earnings above the poverty level, those with incomes below the poverty line are more likely to experience unmet healthcare requirements. It is crucial to address the older persons’ incapacity to pay for healthcare treatments. Findings from a recent Indonesian research shed light on the connection between financial barriers, including
a lack of insurance, and the capacity to receive healthcare services. The study found that while trying to receive health care, about 15% of older people who are considered to be very poor face substantial obstacles.

Answer 31

Rosnu et al., (2022)

Question 32

The important function of family ties for the provision of support is particularly significant in environments with limited resources where many people and families are living in poverty. In resource-poor settings where people face numerous obstacles to accessing health services, such as the distance to health facilities, losing a day of income for travel, the affordability of diagnostic tests, and dealing with stigma associated with their illness, social trust is crucial but frequently underappreciated factor in determining health seeking behavior. Family members were able to influence health-related behaviors through informal social control, by acting as a cushion in stressful situations, and by giving crucial health information for decision-making, which resulted in positive health behaviors.

Answer 32

Lau, et. al, 2020

Question 33

found in their study that older adult residents of Jorhat town’s slum regions in India were found to have substantial living arrangements that affected their pursuit of health. The importance of family as a support system for people with comorbidities is shown by the consistency of familial links as factors that influence the result, even when members did not live in the same home.

Answer 33

Barua et. al., (2018)

Question 34

Poor older adults have larger health demands yet use healthcare services at a lower rate, and the most significant barrier to obtaining health services is financial problems. Although the consumption of inpatient and outpatient care has gradually increased over time, the health service utilization of disadvantaged older people remains insufficient. Consistent with past research findings, they discovered that financial restrictions (42.34%) continue to be the most critical factor limiting the efficient utilization of healthcare services

Answer 34

Zheng et al., 2022

Question 35

In terms of behavioral characteristics, it was found out that when comparing older adult women to men and those reporting adequate earnings to those reporting insufficient income, the means of the number of healthy behaviors were greater for the former group

Answer 35

Fernandes et al., 2022

Question 36

A number of studies have linked social connections, financial security, and capital to reduced risk of mortality in older adults. This occurrence is most likely explained by the increased likelihood that socially active older adults may be subjected to beneficial behavioral characteristics like exercise, a healthy diet, and enough sleep, which can reduce mortality from conditions like cardiovascular disease

Answer 36

Hill et al., 2019

Question 37

observed a negative relationship between physical activity and prescribed medicines consumption among adult respondents, but preventive service use had a positive association with physical activity. These findings suggest that healthcare utilization depends on services and age group, as it is health-conscious people who frequently seek referrals to generalists and preventive measures.

Answer 37

Jemna et al. (2022)