RRL

Question 1

Types of MGEs.

Question 2

Horizontal vs. Vertical Transfer

Question 3

Geochemistry of karst forest

Question 4

SNPs in resistome – how is it detected; what is the relation of SNPs to AMR?

Question 5

Genome of bacteria: 50s, 16s, protein synthesis

Question 6

Seasonal changes, how do they affect the resistome?

Question 7

Can ARGs in soil/water be removed? How?

Question 8

Synthesis of cell wall:

Gram (-) have two membranes separated by periplasm

Answer 8

The
sequential late steps in cell wall synthesis include the
cytoplasmic synthesis of building blocks composed of
N-acetyl muramic acid (M) linked to N-acetyl glucosamine (G) with an attached pentapeptide (P) side chain
(referred to as MGP subunits). Linkage of an MGP
subunit to a lipid II molecule allows subsequent translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane to the cell
exterior or periplasmic space. Transglycosylase enzymes
then assemble the MGP subunits into a linear backbone
by catalyzing glycosidic linkages between the M and G
components of the MGP subunits. Linearly linked MGP
subunits constitute an immature peptidoglycan structure. Transpeptidase enzymes then act to cross-link peptide side chains with pentaglycine bridges, cleaving the terminal 2 d-alanines of the peptide side chain in the process,
thereby producing the mature, lattice-like peptidoglycan