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Chemistry > RPA definitions > Flashcards

RPA definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Addition reaction

A

Reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule

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2
Q

Substitution reaction

A

An atom or group of atoms is replaced with a different atom or group of atoms

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3
Q

Electrophile

A

An atom or group of atoms that is attracted to an electron rich centre, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond

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4
Q

Electrophilic substitution

A

A type of substitution in which an electrophile is attracted to an electron rich centre or atom where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond

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5
Q

Reaction mechanism

A

A series of steps that together make up the overall reaction

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6
Q

Curly arrow

A

Represents the movement of an electron pair in the breaking or formation of covalent bonds (in reaction mechanisms)

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7
Q

Functional group

A

The part of a molecule responsible for its chemical reactivity

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8
Q

Electronegativity

A

A measure of the attraction of a bonded atom for the pair of electrons in a covalent bond

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9
Q

Redox reaction

A

When both reduction and oxidation take place

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10
Q

Reflux

A

The continual boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture to ensure the reaction takes place without the contents of the flask boiling dry

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11
Q

Nucleophile

A

An atom or group of atoms attracted to an electron deficient centre, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

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12
Q

Esterification

A

The reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid to produce an ester and water

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13
Q

Hydrolysis

A

A reaction with water or hydroxide ions that breaks a chemical compound into two compounds

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14
Q

Triglyceride

A

A triester of glycerol and fatty acids

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15
Q

Delocalised electrons

A

are shared between more than two atoms

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16
Q

Low-density lipoprotein

A

Responsible for carrying cholesterol and triglycerides from the liver to the tissues
(Can deposit lipids onto artery walls, restricting blood flow)

17
Q

High-density lipoprotein

A

Can remove cholesterol from the arteries and transport it back to the liver where it is excreted or re-utilised

18
Q

Peptide

A

A compound made of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

19
Q

Zwitterion

A

A dipolar ionic form of an amino acid that is formed by the donation of a hydrogen ion from the carboxylic group to the amino group.
Because both charges are present there is no overall charge

20
Q

Isoelectric point

A

The pH value at which the amino acid exists as a zwitterion

21
Q

Condensation reaction

A

Two small molecules react together to form a larger molecule with the elimination of a small molecule such as water

22
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Involves the breaking of a bond by reaction with water.

Can be catalysed by acid or alkali

23
Q

Stereoisomers

A

Species with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement of atoms in space

24
Q

Chiral carbon

A

A carbon atom attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms

25
Q

Biodegradable polymer

A

Breaks down completely into carbon dioxide and water

26
Q

Degradable polymer

A

Breaks down into smaller fragments when exposed to light, heat or moisture

27
Q

Pharmacological activity

A

The beneficial or adverse effects of a drug on living matter

28
Q

Phase

A

A physically distinctive form of a substance

Such as solid liquid and gaseous states of ordinary matter

29
Q

Mobile phase

A

The phase that moves in chromatography

30
Q

Stationary phase

A

The phase that doesn’t move in chromatography

31
Q

Adsorption

A

The process by which a solid holds molecules of a gas or liquid or solute as a thin film on the surface of a solid or, more rarely, a liquid

32
Q

Chromatogram

A

A visible record showing the result of separation of the components of a mixture by chromatography

33
Q

Rf value

A

In thin layer chromatography: shows how far a component has moved compared with the solvent front

Rf = distance moved by component/distance moved by solvent front

34
Q

Retention time

A

In gas chromatography: the time for a component to pass from the column inlet to the detector

35
Q

Chemical shift, δ

A

A scale that compares the frequency of an NMR absorption with the frequency of the reference peak of TMS at δ=0ppm

36
Q

Optical isomers (enantiomers)

A

(Stereoisomers that are) non-superimposable mirror images about an organic chiral centre

Chemistry (7 decks)

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