Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MEDL 203 > routine chem urinalysis and A&P > Flashcards

routine chem urinalysis and A&P Flashcards

1
Q

hematuria

A

trauma to kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

hemoglobinuria

A

presence of free hemoglobin in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

interferences for blood

A

false negative: ascorbic acid
false positive: oxidants like bleach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

acidic urine

A

prevents formation of alkaline kidney stones
inhibits development of UTIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

alkaline urine

A

prevents the precipitation and enhances the excretion of drugs
prevents the formation of acidic kidney stones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the 2 sources of protein in urine

A

plasma and RTE cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

protein interferences

A

false negative: presence of proteins that are not albumin
false positive: highly alkaline urines due to improper storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

clinical significance for nitrite

A

rapid screening for UTI
also can detect initial bladder infection (cystitis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

nitrite interferences

A

false negative: infection caused by pathogen that doesn’t reduce nitrate, ascorbic acid, insufficient incubation, absence of nitrate
false positive: contaminated specimen that has been sitting at room temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

reagent strip automation:

A

reflectance photometry
amount of reflected light indicate colour intensity
quantitative result

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

reagent strip QC for internal QC

A

performed daily & when new bottle is opened

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

reagent strip QC for external QC

A

proficiency survey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

glucosuria is caused by?

A

hyperglycemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what level of glucose is detected

A

2.2mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

glucose interferences

A

false negative: ascorbic acid, improper storage
false positive: oxidizing agents like bleach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

bilirubin

A

yellowish substance made during the bodies process of breaking down RBCs and helps diagnose liver disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

does normal urine contain bilirubin?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

bilirubin interferences

A

false negative: ascorbic acids, nitrites, and improper storage
false positive: medications that induce colour in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

bilirubin medications

A

phenazopyridine (UTIs)
indican
lodine (arthritis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

urobilinogen

A

only a small amount in normal urine
99% is eliminated in the feces (what gives it its colour)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

urobilinogen interferences

A

false negative: nitrites, formalin, urine not at room temp or fresh
false positive: some drugs and atypical coloured urines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

urobilinigen > oxidized > urobilin (yellow) =?

A

doesn’t react to test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

conjugated bilirubin> oxidized > biliverdin (green) =?

A

does not react in tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

conjugated bilirubin >hydrolyzed > unconjugated bilirubin =?

A

insoluble and less reactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

ketones in urine is an indication that

A

the body is using days rather than carbohydrates for energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are the 3 ketone bodies

A

acetone 2%
acetoacetic acid 20%
b-hydroxybutyric acid 78%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

ketonuria

A

elevated levels of ketone bodies in blood that results in their excretion into the urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

ketosis or ketoacidosis

A

diabetes mellitus
decreased carbohydrates supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

body unable to use carbohydrates as an energy source uses fat stores instead of

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

decreased carbohydrates supply means what happens

A

starvation, fever, prolonged exercise and dietary imbalance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

ketone interferences

A

false negative: improper storage
false positive: pigmented urine, compounds containing free sulfhydral groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

sulfhydral groups

A

phthalein compounds (laxatives)
levodopa (used to treat parkinson’s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

low SG for ketones means

A

dilute
over hydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

high SG for ketones

A

concentrated
dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

leukocytes

A

not designed to measure concentration
done by microscopic exam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

advantage of chemical testing of leukocytes

A

detects WBCs that may have been lysed
60% of WBCs kyes within 2 hours of urine collection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is the most common granulocyte

A

neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

interferences for leukocytes

A

false negative: lots of glucose, high urine SG, lymphocytes present (not neutrophils)
false positive: contamination with vaginal discharge, contaminating oxidants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

High SG if red cells present they may be?

A

cremated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

low SG if white cells present they may be?

A

glittery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

alkaline pH

A

some bacteria multiple rapidly at alkaline pH

42
Q

if glucose is positive it means

A

the acidic glucose containing urine of patients with diabetes provide an ideal environment for yeast to grow

43
Q

kidneys

A

paired organs about the size of a fist

44
Q

ureters

A

carry urine from kidney to bladder via peristaltic action

45
Q

urinary bladder

A

deflated when empty (pear shape)

46
Q

urinary bladder how do we pee

A

the external sphincter muscle at the base of the bladder relaxes, this muscle is under cerebral control (when to perform and brain controls when not too)

47
Q

urethra

A

transports urine from bladder out of the body

48
Q

kidney anatomy (process)

A

blood is carried into each kidney via rena arteries
blood that has circulated through kidneys is collected by renal veins
renal veins empty into inferior vena cava and eventually back to the heart

49
Q

the outer granular area of kidney is called

A

cortex

50
Q

the inner striated area of the kidney is called what

A

medulla

51
Q

medulla is arranged into *** and the tip is called the **

A

pyramids, papilla

52
Q

lobe of the kidney is a ** and the **

A

pyramid and cortical cap

53
Q

central area of the kidney is ** and it is collecting ** called the ***

A

hollow, basin, renal pelvis

54
Q

as urine is produced it will flow from the:

A

papilla to minor calyx to major calyx to renal pelvis to ureter

55
Q

kidney function of excretory

A

removes wastes from the blood in the form or urine

56
Q

kidney function of regulatory

A

retention of nutrients (glucose, proteins, h2o)
acid base balance (pH maintenance)
electrolyte water balance (h2o follows Na)

57
Q

kidney functions of endocrine

A

synthesis of hormones (adrenal glands) such as:
erythropoietin
renin
vitamin D

58
Q

in the endocrine system during kidney function what does erythropoietin mean

A

production of RBCs

59
Q

in the endocrine system during kidney function what does renin mean

A

controls blood pressure

60
Q

excretory and regulatory functions are carried out by 3 processes that occur in the nephrons:

A
  1. glomerular filtration
  2. tubular reabsorption (PCT)
  3. tubular secretion (DCT)
61
Q

where does the tubular reabsorption happen

A

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

62
Q

where does tubular secretion happen?

A

distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

63
Q

nephron does what

A

filters blood

64
Q

where is the nephron located

A

in each pyramid and span both the cortex and the medulla areas

65
Q

blood circulation:

A

blood ENTERS the glomerulus through the AFFERENT arteriole
blood LEAVES through the EFFERENT arteriole
blood delivery begins urine formation

66
Q

glomerular filtration is

A

substances are filtered from blood plasma, though the glomerular membrane into the bowman’s capsule

67
Q

what gets filtered in the glomerular and what doesn’t

A

large molecules like WBC, RBC, stay in plasma
but small substances get filtered like (electrolytes, glucose, uric acid)

68
Q

rate of filtrate formation is called

A

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
now called creatinine level

69
Q

what is tubular reabsorption

A

the process by which water and dissolved substances in the urine filtrate move from the renal tubules back into the blood of the peri tubular capillaries

70
Q

where does most of the process of tubular reabsorption occur

A

occurs in the PCT

71
Q

tubular secretion is and occurs mainly in

A

the movement of substances out of the blood into the filtrate and occurs mainly in the DCT

72
Q

renal threshold

A

minimal concentration of a substance in the blood where it appears in urine

73
Q

glucose concentration in blood is

A

10mmol/L

74
Q

threshold substance

A

appears in urine only after exceeding a certain concentration in the blood

75
Q

threshold substances include

A

amino acids
glucose
positive ions

76
Q

normal blood glucose is

A

5.5mmol/L

77
Q

renal threshold of glucose is ** mmol/L in blood not urine

A

10mmol/L

78
Q

urea and negative ions are not threshold substances? t or f

A

true bc they are passively reabsorbed

79
Q

Na+ and K+ are ** ions that are ** reabsorbed, but not threshold substances because ***

A

positive, actively, they are secreted in the DCT and appear in urine even when blood concentration are low

80
Q

urinary tract brush biopsy

A

used to obtain a renal tissue specimen

81
Q

bacteriuria

A

presence of bacteria in urine

82
Q

oliguria

A

elimination of small amount of urine

83
Q

pyuria

A

presence of pus in the urine

84
Q

urinary stasis

A

stoppage of urine flow

85
Q

calculi

A

kidney stones

86
Q

dysuria

A

painful urination
sign of UTI

87
Q

uremia and azotemia

A

condition in which substances that are normally excreted in urine accumulate in the blood
(urea or creatinine)

88
Q

enuresis or incontinence

A

inability to control peeing

89
Q

cystoscopy

A

inspection of the urinary bladder by means of an instrument called a cystoscope

90
Q

renal biopsy

A

diagnostic test for evaluating certain types and stages of kidney diseases

91
Q

nephritis

A

inflammation of the kidney tissue

92
Q

pyelitis

A

inflammation of the renal pelvis and calyces
(early stage of pyelonephritis)

93
Q

ren/o or nephr/o

A

kidney

94
Q

glomerul/o

A

glomerulus

95
Q

pyel/o

A

renal pelvis

96
Q

cali/o or calic/o

A

calyx

97
Q

ur/o or urin/o

A

urine or urinary tract

98
Q

ureter/o

A

ureter

99
Q

cyst/o vesic/o

A

urinary bladder

100
Q

urethr/o

A

urethra

101
Q

SG means

A

specific gravity

102
Q

GFR means

A

glomerular filtration rate

MEDL 203 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions