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route memorization Flashcards
CGIAR
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research
IFPRI
International Food Policy Research Institute
ODA
Official Development Assistance
OECD
Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development-
DAC
Development Assistance Committee
MDG
Millenium Development Goals
PMUs
Project Management Units
PPP
Public-Private Partnerships
NDI
National Democratic Institute
IAEA
International Atomic Energy Agency
ICRC
International Committee of the Red Cross
GAO
General Accounting Office
OMB
Office of Management of the Budget
GAVI
Global Alliance for Vaccines & Immunizations
IOM
International Organization for Migration
CRS
Catholic Relief Services
FAR
Federal Acquisition Regulation
GERD
Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam
NTD
Neglected Tropical Disease
PVO
Private Voluntary Organization
CV
Civil Society
CHE
Complex Humanitarian Emergency
IFI
International Financial Institution
RIDB
Regional International Development Bank
RFI
Regional Financial Institutions
RFP
Request for Proposal
IFES
International Foundation for Electoral Systems
API
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
FAO
Food and Agriculture Institution
SDG
Sustainable Development Goals
TVA
Tennessee Valley Authority
Four conditions for food security
Availability- total available food in the economic system, grown locally or imported into the country
Access- people can purchase it or grow it themselves
Distribution- whether the culture of society discriminates against a certain group, also deals with governments taking the food and using it for the military
Utilization- Quality of the food and your own health, ability to absorb nutrition
5 Clashes!
Counter-Bureaucracy Defense Diplomacy Limited Access Orders Domestic Politics
What is the Green Revolution?
The Green Revolution was started by Dr. Norman Borlaug in the 40s. It increased food production between 200-250% in mostly Asian Countries.
CGIAR - Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research
Created in the 60s to institutionalize the Green Revolution
Point 4 Program
US government’s distribution of foreign aid
Creation of UN
Marshall Plan
NATO
Bretton Woods
WTO, World Bank, IMF
4 pillars of democracy and governance programs
- Build civil society organizations (the most successful pillar)
- Rule of Law (maybe the most important of the 4 according to North & Sen)
- Institutions of Democratic and Accountable governance
- Political freedom and electoral competition
What are Collier’s four traps?
Conflict
Natural Resources
Landlocked Countries
Bad Governance
ICT
Information and Communications Technology
- Enabling Environment
- Accessibility and Affordability
- Ruggedization
- Appropriateness
- Sustainability
- Availability
Paris Declaration?
1 Ownership. Developing countries should take the lead in deciding their own policies.
2 Alignment. Donors should support national development strategies, institutions and procedures.
3 Harmonization. Donors should reduce transaction costs for recipient governments by reforming reporting requirements and working better together.
*this works the best when there is leadership at the country level towards development
4 Managing for results. Both donors and developing country governments should improve monitoring, decision-making and resource management.
5 Mutual accountability. Donors can hold developing countries to account for their performance but developing country governments should also be able to hold donors to account for whether they have delivered on their commitments.
Why are some countries highly developed and others unable to make progress? What is progress and how may it be measured? Is progress a relative term or an absolute?
There are many reasons why some countries are highly developed and others lack the ability to make progress. Which reasons you give the most credit to depends on which development theories you ascribe to. It could be a lack of institutions, cultural factors, dependency, or geographic factors. Progress is relative to your metrics and is based on a linear form of history; as we discussed in the first class, development does not need to be linear, history happens in cycles and isn’t linear. It ebbs and flows.
According to Fukuyama, political development includes three stages: state-building, the rule of law, and accountability. State building is characterized by power concentration, maintaining order, and stewarding the population’s well being. The rule of law enacts justice. Accountability is the formal responsibility and transparency of the government towards its citizens.
What causes economic growth and what conditions limit growth? What can be done to encourage growth by aid agencies?
Economic growth is caused by strong institutions with the scope to allow privatization, market liberalization, investment, and decentralization. Open access orders as well.
Economic growth is limited by weak institutions, protectionist policies, a non-liberalized market, lots of debt, and limited access orders.
Aid agencies can encourage economic growth by strengthening civil society, encouraging entrepreneurship, and giving countries public health grands, as well as helping with eating vitamin dense foods.
What are the impediments to aid programs working successfully within the US government and in the country where the work is being done?
The counter-bureaucracy impedes aid programs. Within the country, a lack of institutions, mismatched cultural values, and a limited access order style system such as a patronage/clientelist system impedes
What is the Green Revolution? Who created it and who implemented it with what funding? Was it successful?
Borlaug’s initiative to increase crop yields worldwide leading to a push for worldwide agricultural technology innovations through Rockefeller Foundation funding and USAID implementation. It was wildly successful
What are the Bretton Woods Institutions? Why were they created? Who created them? Do they work effectively or not?
The Bretton Woods institutions include the gold standard, the World Bank, and the IMF. They were created after WWII to regulate the global financial system by what would later become the UN, and though the gold standard is now defunct and the responsibilities of the World Bank and the IMF have changed and expanded since their establishment, they function as important and effective vehicles of development aid worldwide.
What are Democracy and governance programs? What are its key components?
1- build civil society, fund and give assistance
2- uphold rule of law (most important of the four pillars)
3- institutions of democratic and accountable governance
4- political freedom and electoral competition
Four goals of USAID’s Democracy & Governance Programs:
1- expand freedom in authoritarian countries
2- support democratic breakthroughs
3- consolidate democratic progress
4- build the foundation for stability and democracy in fragile states
What are failed states and fragile states?
Failed and fragile states are states that have weak stake capacity and/or legitimacy, lacking an ability to maintain a monopoly of force in its declared territory.
What is a Complex Humanitarian Emergency and its five characteristics?
Complex Humanitarian Emergencies are a disaster event caused by a complicated set of social, medical, and often political circumstances, leading to great suffering and death. They are characterized by:
1- Extensive violence and loss of life
2- Displaced populations
3- Widespread damage to societies and economies
4- A need for large-scale, multifaceted humanitarian assistance, and
5- The hindrance or prevention of humanitarian assistance by political and military constraints.
What is private foreign aid? Define it? Why is it important? How does it affect ODA?
When private orgs work with NGO/public institutions. Otherwise known as PPP. Important because it’s a huge way USAID implements projects and gets funding for unmet needs.
Think of Starbucks/Rwandan coffee crossover. Boosts ODA.
What are Collier’s four traps?
Professor Paul Collier finds that the living standards of the world's bottom billion have stagnated over the past forty to fifty years. He identifies four "development traps": 1- constant conflict 2- reliance on natural resources 3-being landlocked with bad neighbors 4-bad governance
What is an MDG? What are the upsides and downsides? How and why were they created?
The Millennium Development Goals are goals set by the UN for developing countries in 2000, to be achieved by 2015. They were to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, achieve universal primary education, promote gender equality and empower women, reduce child mortality, improve maternal health, combat diseases like HIV/AIDS and malaria, ensure environmental sustainability, and develop a global partnership for development. It was one of the first attempts made at creating an inclusive and comprehensive consensus over development. However, these goals were ultimately unattainable and unsustainable, especially in developing countries that had weak governance and institutions.
What is community development and how has it affected development programs? Who carries it out? Where did it come from?
Community development is usually carried out by NGOS and is a movement away from big infrastructure projects which focuses more on the strengthening of local governance and social projects.
What is Easterly’s critique of foreign aid?
Is the opposite of Jeffery Sachs, who thinks any project will work if funded enough (Natsios doesn’t like Sachs). Easterly is a cynic who doesn’t believe throwing money at a problem will work. He believes more conditions in which aid projects are carried out are not conducive to progress, as there is often a lack of follow-up after projects are completed. He argues that the development community needs to work on strengthening economic incentives for poor countries to invest in their own development. He also doesn’t believe education is a blanket solution to problems, and criticizes the World Bank and IMF for being too ambitious.
What role does politics play in development programs from the donor perspective and from the recipient perspective?
From the donor perspective, national politics can directly affect aid due to the interest groups that can form around a certain issue topic related to aid. Heavy earmarks can be placed on aid budgets to protect these groups’ interests which the agency must spend time and money coping with. From the recipient perspective, even if these earmarks go to supposed groups that intend to provide aid, sometimes the programs of these groups do not meet recipient country needs.
What are the nine principles of foreign aid to be successful?
- Ownership (Build on the leadership, participation, and commitment of a country and its people)
- Capacity Building (Strengthen local institutions, transfer technical skills, and promote appropriate policies)
- Sustainability (Design programs to ensure their impact endures)
- Selectivity (Allocate resources based on need, local commitment, and foreign policy interests)
- Assessment (Conduct careful research, adapt best practices, and design for local conditions.)
- Results (Direct resources to achieve clearly defined, measurable, and strategically focused objectives).
- Partnership (Collaborate closely with governments, communities, donors, non-profit organizations, the private sector, international organizations, and universities).
- Flexibility (Adjust to changing conditions, take advantage of opportunities, and maximize efficiency)
- Accountability (Design accountability and transparency into systems and build effective checks and balances to guard against corruption)
What is the Paris Declaration for Aid Effectiveness and its core principles? What is its significance? What are its upsides and downsides?
The Paris Declaration was aimed to reform how aid money would be spent to address worries over diversion of funds. It focused on the tenants of development, them being ownership, alignment, harmonization, managing for results, and mutual accountability. It is important because it is one of the first times an international agreement was created for this topic, but violations are not enforced in the law and its implementation has particularly failed due to counter bureaucracy.
What is the FAR and how does it affect USAID? What are the chief principles which are its foundation?
statute that made government procurement much more transparent and easier to do which in theory makes it more accessible for smaller companies/orgs to get involved and lowers barriers.
Open Access Orders
An open access order is a governmental system that relies on legitimate, stable, efficient, resilient institutions such as rule of law but also informal institutions to perpetuate itself.
Limited Access Order
A limited access order is also known as the “natural order” and has a society based on a governing coalition. Elites take the rents through patronage and clientelist networks.
Institutions
