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final Flashcards
CGIAR
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research- improve the quality of food, not just the quantity of food
IFPRI
International Food Policy Research Institute
ODA
Official Development Assistance
OECD
Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development
DAC
Development Assistance Committee
MDG
Millenium Development Goals
PMUs
Project Management Units
PPP
Public-Private Partnerships
NDI
National democratic institute
IAEA
International Atomic Energy Agency
ICRC
International Committee of the Red Cross
GAO
General Accounting Office
OMB
Office of Management of the Budget
GAVI
Global Alliance for Vaccines & Immunizations
IOM
International Organization for Migration
CRF
Catholic Relief Services
FAR
Federal Acquisition Regulation
GERD
Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam
NTD
neglected tropical disease
PVO
Private Voluntary Organization
CV
Civil Society
CHE
Complex Humanitarian Emergency
What is the counter-bureaucracy and what affect does it have on development programs
Counter-Bureaucracy and Development: Fight between compliance and technical side (auditors and measurement of success of programs)
Bush was really good at getting the government to do what he wanted it to do because he had loyalty
Each federal agency has an inspector general (there were two appointed for Iraq and Afghanistan under pressure from Congress, it was a political thing)
work arounds - world bank coping mechanisms - USAID
GAO - General Accounting Office - Arm of Congress which does audits and oversees the federal government.
OMB - Office of Management of the Budget - power of investigation, to do audits, they do federal spending, issue edicts on program management. Arm of President
Congressional Oversight Committees - appropriators deal with Congress’ budget. There is also a committee that deals with policy. 4 committees that oversee AID directly, but there are 7 more committees that oversee indirectly what AID does.
Counter-bureaucracy creates the incentive structure that AID responds to
Explain the four conditions necessary for food security?
Availability- total available food in the economic system, grown locally or imported into the country
Access- people can purchase it or grow it themselves
Distribution- whether the culture of society discriminates against a certain group, also deals with governments taking the food and using it for the military
Utilization- Quality of the food and your own health, ability to absorb nutrition
Defense and Development Clash
The principle interest becomes protecting the troops, so the principle directive of AID became winning people’s hearts and minds
Defense wanted to implement programs for winning hearts and minds that ended up being counter-developmental
Ex. in Afghanistan, the military bought generators and fuel for villages to get information. USAID would never do this because it is unsustainable if the generator breaks down or fuel runs out
The military was manipulating villagers with an unsustainable program
Ex. Defense department was capturing people and putting them in jail, but the justice system sucked so they got out of jail often.
So, the military told USAID to create a justice system, but USAID said it would take 20 years, so the military made their own based on the US…it didn’t work
USAID’s would have done a program that incorporated Islamic law
What is Structuralism?
economists focused on the structural obstacles blocking the Third World’s path to development - it is the power structure of the world that leads to winners and losers and rich countries and poor countries
If you’re poor, you will stay poor forever
What is the difference between structuralism and dependency theory?
Structuralism and Dependency theory are 70% the same
The difference is that dependency theory says that if a country tries to break out of dependency, the global north would send military intervention *it was both an economic and military structure of power Dependency Theory states that the only way to break this cycle of dependence and poverty is a series of policies that have us access our own natural resources and use them to industrialize here using HIGH TARRIFS, LIMIT IMPORTS, NATIONALIZE PRIVATE INDUSTRY, DISCOURAGE FOREIGN INVESTMENT, AND BORROW MONEY TO BUILD STATE OWNED INDUSTRY
What is high modernism?
Marxism. It isn’t modernization - it is totalitarian in nature and focused on the building of infrastructure which will lead to economic growth
What is Modernization Theory?
market based, pro-capitalism, pro-investment, pro-private ownership
What is Neo-Classical/Neo-liberalism
Washington Consensus - free markets, globalization, open trading
What is geographic determinism?
development is determined by geography - ports, insects, climate
What is culture and values?
the protestant reformation caused capitalism and the industrial revolution, Thrift, sobriety, hard work, Cameroonian Economist - values and culture are the mother and the children are the institutions
What is Institutions Theory?
North: Institutions are the key to economic growth - a set of rules we all agree with. Parts of Institutions:
1. Legitimacy - accepted as a legitimate institution in the community
2. Resilience - When institutions are in severe stress, they still function
3. Efficient
4. Stable - the longer institutions are around, the better they function
Fukuyama: we need strong institutions that account for context, not large institutions with a wide scope
What is Anti-High Modernism/Localism?
small scale community development (like world vision in Ethiopia)
What is Capabilities Theory?
AGENCY - people have choices/freedom. Freedom is a means and an end 5 kinds of agency: Political agency Economic agency Social agency Ex. South Korea did well because they built schools and promoted education Transparency guarantees Anti corruption measures Protective security Social security Unemployment Know definition of agency- ability to make decisions yourself
What is Human Needs & Community Development?
clean water, food, health at local village level. NEW DIRECTIONS - part of community development
Under Nixon, moved away from high modernism infrastructure projects towards more human service projects like agriculture, health, water, etc
TVA
What is the Green Revolution?
The Green Revolution was started by Dr. Norman Borlaug (he won the Nobel Prize). It mostly took place in Asian countries. (also 2 other indian economist dudes but they don’t get much credit)
It was extremely successful. (started in the 40s, took off in 60s & 70s)
What is Point 4?
oreign aid program for the United States government; using benefit of scientific knowledge to help countries develop AKA technical assistance to help countries around the world
.US government’s distribution of foreign aid
.Creation of UN
.Marshall Plan
.NATO
What is the Marshall Plan, what did it do and how? Was it successful?
The Marshall Plan, also known as the European Recovery Program, was a U.S. program providing aid to Western Europe following the devastation of World War II. It was enacted in 1948 and provided more than $15 billion to help finance rebuilding efforts on the continent.
Marshall plan became AID, was originally part of the 4 Point Program
Beginning of foreign aid effort of US government
A significant amount of money in our budget was spent on this
Originally, most people were opposed to the marshall plan
It was very successful
What are the Bretton Woods Institutions? Why were they created? Who created them? Do they work effectively or not?
The main institutions that were created were the IMF and World Bank
The World Bank was previously known as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
They were created to bring a stability to the international financial system when crisis hits different areas of the world
Privatize state owned enterprises
Balance Budget
Independent central bank for each country
Encourage private investment and export economies
What are Democracy and governance programs? What are its key components?
4 pillars of democracy and governance programs (conclusion: need a rich civil society, all successful democracies have a thriving civil society; De Toqueville; need a competent bureaucracy)
1. Build civil society organizations (the most successful pillar)
2. Rule of Law (maybe the most important of the 4 according to North & Sen)
3. Institutions of Democratic and Accountable governance
4. Political freedom and electoral competition
Political parties need to be built on platform, not individuals
What are failed states and fragile states? What is a Complex Humanitarian Emergency and its five characteristics?
War Poverty Overpopulation Environmental Damage Natural Disasters
What is private foreign aid? Define it? Why is it important? How does it affect ODA?
-Private foreign aid is when a private organization either works with an NGO or a public institution to deliver foriegn aid to a country
- PPP- Public-Private Partnership
USAID partnering with Starbucks for coffee programs in Rwanda
One of the main reasons why it is important for these partnerships to exist is simply because these private forms can bring a lot of funding to these programs and their business in these countries is influential
How does the foreign policy of donor governments affect their aid programs?
Unfortunately the foreing policy and domestic politics of the donor country does effect aid in that country heavily.
If the foriegn policy does not lend to development happening in a certain country, then USAID will have no choice but to shut their office down
Another major effects that domestic politics has on aid is through the budget. The aid budget can change year to year and many times this responsibility falls upon policy makers domestically.
What are Collier’s four traps?
Conflict, Natural Resources Landlocked Countries, Bad Governance
What is an MDG? What are the upsides and downsides? How and why were they created?
The United Nations used to have a set of eight UN Millennium Development Goals or MDG. The UN established these goals during a summit back in the year 2000. The idea was to achieve these goals by 2015. On Sept. 25, 2015, the Sustainable Development Goals replaced the MDG. Each country in the UN aims to achieve these goals by the year 2030.
What is Easterly critique of foreign aid?
According to Easterly, the failure of economic development is that there are not incentives and monitoring to ensure that people in countries follow through.
His recommendation is not to abandon the quest, but to improve the institutions of governments and international actors to create incentives that promote growth.
His basic conclusion: loans only work if the policies of the country work.
What is an open access order?
Open Access Orders: in open access societies, there are many nonprofits and organizations. The US and Western democracies are open access orders. They are likely to be highly stable, so ideally countries with natural or limited access orders will become open access. To have open access orders, you need a pervasive and effective government.
Highly decentralized system of decision making
What is a limited access order?
imited Access Orders/Natural Order: The governing coalition runs a society, dominates the political and economic system - nonprofit institutions are small in number in these countries. (most societies over the last 5,000 years have been limited access orders, about 35 countries that broke out of this natural order sometime in 19th and 20th century) and the result of Open access orders has been institutions now govern society versus that of personal relationships.
What is ICT? What principles determine the success of ICT programs?
Information and Communications Technology
- Enabling Environment
- Accessibility and Affordability
- Ruggedization
- Appropriateness
- Sustainability
- Availability
In your view what is the most important factor in whether countries develop and what is marginal or peripheral?
either institutions or local ownership
What is the FAR and how does it affect USAID? What are the chief principles which are its foundation?
Natsios started FAR (Federal Acquisition Regulation). I believe it made government procurement much more transparent and easier to do which in theory makes it more accessible for smaller companies/orgs to get involved and lowers barriers.
Does foreign aid work? Under what circumstances? How do you define success?
Foreign aid only works if the local government or people are on board.
Does not work if the programs are imposed by the donor government and do not have approval of the local government. The local government needs ownership of the program for it to be successful in the long run.
What is the Paris Declaration for Aid Effectiveness and its core principles?
1 Ownership. Developing countries should take the lead in deciding their own policies.
2 Alignment. Donors should support national development strategies, institutions and procedures.
3 Harmonization. Donors should reduce transaction costs for recipient governments by reforming reporting requirements and working better together.
*this works the best when there is leadership at the country level towards development
4 Managing for results. Both donors and developing country governments should improve monitoring, decision-making and resource management.
5 Mutual accountability. Donors can hold developing countries to account for their performance but developing country governments should also be able to hold donors to account for whether they have delivered on their commitments.
What is its significance? What are its upsides and downsides?
The Paris Declaration has not been implemented fully because there is an aid accountability problem with developing countries. Also, if you are an aid administrator with a choice between violating an international agreement or violating accountability rules of the United States…you’re gonna violate the international agreement and stick with what the US government tells you to rather than violate federal law.
This is unique/good because it really stresses countries’ responsibility for helping themselves/owning the process.
