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K- Rosh Review > Rosh ENT > Flashcards

Rosh ENT Flashcards

1
Q

What is the medical term for chronic inflammatin of the eyelid?

A

Blepharitis

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2
Q

Clogging of which gland causes blepharitis?

A

Meibomian glands

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3
Q

Patient presents with watering eyes, foreign body sensation, crusts, photophobia, pain, and burning.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Blepharitis

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4
Q

How is the diagnosis of blepharitis made?

What is the treatment?

A

Slit-lamp exam.

Warm compress, irrigation, topical atbx

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5
Q

4 year old patient presents with sore throat, dysphagia, drooling, and decreased extension of the neck.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Retropharyngeal abscess

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6
Q

What are the common causes of retropharyngeal abcesses?

A

S. aureus

GAS

Anearobes

Foreign Body

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7
Q

What would you expect to find on neck x-ray in a patient with a retropharyngeal abscess?

A

Widened retropharyngeal space: twice the size of the vertebral body

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8
Q

What is the treatment for retropharyngeal abscess?

A

IV abx

ENT consult

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9
Q

What is the most common etiology of optic neuritis?

A

Multiple sclerosis

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10
Q

What causes optic neuritis?

A

Demyelinating inflammation of the optic nerve

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11
Q

What is Uhthoff’s phenomenon?

A

Transiet worsening of vision with increased body temp

Associated with optic neuritis

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12
Q

Patient presents with sudden monocular vision loss and pain with movement of eye. You appreciate an afferent pupillary defect.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Optic neuritis

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13
Q

Patient presents with sudden monocular vision loss and pain with movement of eye. You appreciate an afferent pupillary defect.

What is the treatment for this condition?

A

IV corticosteroids

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14
Q

Patient presents with sudden painless loss of vision. Upon fundoscopic exam you appreciate a cherry red spot on the fovea. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Central retinal artery occlusion

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15
Q

Patient presents with sudden painless loss of vision. Upon fundoscopic exam you appreciate a cherry red spot on the fovea.

How do you treat this?

A

Immediate ophthalmology consult

Orbital massage

acetazolamide (reduce pressure)

Vasodilators

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16
Q

Patient presents with sudden, painless, monocular loss of vision. Upon fundoscopic exam you appreciate a “blood and thunder” appearance.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Central retinal vein occlusion

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17
Q

Patient presents with sudden, painless, monocular loss of vision. Upon fundoscopic exam you appreciate a “blood and thunder” appearance.

How do you treat this?

A

Opthalmology consult

Anti-VEGF

Dexamethasone implant

Triamcinolone (intravitreal)

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18
Q

What are the complications of acute mastoiditis?

A

Meningitis

Epidural or subdural abscess

Facial nerve palsy

Labrynthitis

Osteomyelitis

Venous sinus thrombosis

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19
Q

What is the treatment for UV keratitis?

A

Topical NSAIDs

Oral pain meds

+/- abx

+/- cycloplegics

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20
Q

How do cycloplegics work?

A

Relax ciliary muscle spasm and prevent contraction of the iris

Reduces pupillary photoresponse

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21
Q

What is a serious complication of otitis externa?

What population gets it?

A

Necrotizing otitis externa

Diabetics/immunocompromised

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22
Q

What is most commonly perforated in a TM perf?

A

Pars tensa

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23
Q

Central vs peripheral vertigo in relation to intensity

A

Periphal: severe

Central: mild

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24
Q

Central vs peripheral vertigo in relation to head position

A

Peripheral worsened by position

Central minimal change

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25
Q

Central vs peripheral vertigo in relation to direction of nystagmus

A

Peripheral unidirectional (never vertical)

Central vertical

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26
Q

Name the irreversible ototoxic substances

A

aminoglycosides

erythromycin

tetracycline

cisplatin

sildenafil

cocaine

heavy metals

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27
Q

Name the reversible ototoxic substances

A

aspirin

acetaminophen

NSAIDs

loop diuretics

quinine

choroquine

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28
Q

Patient presents with conductive hearing loss and you preform a Weber test. In which ear do you expect the sound to localize to?

A

Localizes to affected ear

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29
Q

Patient presents with sensorineural hearing loss and you preform a Weber test. In which ear do you expect the sound to localize to?

A

Localizes to unaffected ear

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30
Q

What is normal IOP?

When is it considere elevated?

A

8-21 mmHg

Elevated when >30 mmHg

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31
Q

Patient presents with exreme eye pain, N/V, halos around lights, and decreased vision.

What is the empiric treatment for this condition?

A

Timolol (beta-blocker topical)

Apraclonidine (alpha-blocker topical)

Pilocarpine (miotic topical)

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32
Q

Patient presents with exreme eye pain, N/V, halos around lights, and decreased vision.

What is the systemic treatment for this condition?

A

Acetazolamide

Mannitol

33
Q

What are the most common organisms that cause orbital cellulitis?

A

Staph aureus

Strep pneumo

34
Q

What medications can cause drug-induced gingival hyperplasia?

A

Phenytoin

Cyclosporin

CCB

Phenobarbital

35
Q

Where is the typical ocation of a hordeolum?

A

At or near an eyelash follicle

36
Q

Where is the typical location of a chalazion?

A

Above the eyelashes on the upper lid

37
Q

Firm, painless lump: hordeolum or chalazion?

A

Chalazion

38
Q

Tenderness, swelling: hordeolum or chalazion

A

Hordeolum

39
Q

What is commonly the cause of Meniere’s disease?

A

Too much inner ear endolymph

40
Q

Patient presents with episodic hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Meniere’s disease

41
Q

What is the typical work-up for nystagmus?

A

Neuroimaging and videonystagmography

42
Q

Patient presents with painless vision loss described as a curtain coming down, floaters, and photopsia.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Retinal detachment

43
Q

What are the complications of orbital cellulitis?

A

Blindness

Meningitis

Septic cavernous thrombosis

44
Q

Patient presents with decreased EOM, pain with movement, and proptosis. You appreciate swelling around the eye as well.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Orbital cellulitis

45
Q

What cranial nerve is most commonly affected in necrotizing otitis externa?

A

Facial nerve

46
Q

What is the most common source of posterior epistaxis?

A

Sphenopalatine artery

47
Q

What is the most common etiology of orbital cellulitis?

A

Bacterial rhinosinusitis

48
Q

What is the abx treatment for orbital cellulitis?

A

Vanc + pip/tazo

49
Q

What is the name for bubbles filled with blood that form on the surface of the TIM and burst with effusing blood?

A

Bullous myringitis

50
Q

What are the common organisms associated with bullous myringitis?

A

Strep pneumo

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

51
Q

What will you see on CT with an inferior orbital wall fracture?

A

Teardrop sign

Herniated tissues and muscle

52
Q

Patient presents with entrapped inferior rectus muscle.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Inferior orbital wall fracture

53
Q

When is surgery recommended for treating an orbital blow-out fracture?

A

>50% of the floor

Extraoccular muscle entrapment

Enophthalmos or diplopia

54
Q

What is the name for a dependent pocket of pus seen in the anterior chamber?

A

Hypopyon

55
Q

What is endophthalmitis?

A

Infection of anterior, posterior, vitreous chambers

56
Q

Which duct is involved with dacrocystitis?

A

Nasolacrimal duct

57
Q

How long does it take the cherry red spot in the fovea to occur with central retinal artery occlusion?

A

One or more hours

58
Q

What is the difference between dacryoadenitis and dacryocystitis?

A

Adenitis: involves lacrimal gland, supratemporal region

Cystitis: involves nasolacrimal duct, inframedial region

59
Q

Blockage of which supratonsillar glands are typical nidus for peritonsillar abscess?

A

Weber’s glands

60
Q

Patient presents with drooling, trismus, and a “hot potato” voice.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Peritonsillar abscess

61
Q

What is the medical term for dry socket?

A

Alveolar osteitis

62
Q

What is the treatment for alveolar osteitis?

A

Pack socket with iodoform gauze and eugenol oil

63
Q

Which antibiotics are preferred for dental infections?

A

Pen VK

Clinda

Erythromycin

Doxycycline

64
Q

Which antibiotics are effective against pseudomonas?

A

Fluroquinolones

Aminoglycosides

Cabapenems

3rd/4th gen cephalosporins

65
Q

What type of hearing loss results in patients with a cholesteatoma?

A

Conductive hearing loss

66
Q

Patient presents complaining of painless otorrhea. On exam you see a yellow/white mass behind the TM.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Cholesteatoma

67
Q

Retinal detachment occurs when the inner layers of the retina separate from which structures?

A

Choroid

68
Q

What is the most common type of glaucoma?

A

Open angle

69
Q

What is the most common complication of anterior blepharitis?

A

Recurrent conjunctivitis

70
Q

What are the two complications of retinal vein occlusion?

A

Macular edema

Neovascularization

71
Q

What prophylactic abx is recommended for patients who receive posterior nasal packing?

A

Augmentin

72
Q

What are some causes of infectious cataract?

A

Rubella

Varicella

Toxoplasmosis

Cystercercosis

73
Q

What causes hereditary angioedema?

A

Deficiency or dysfunction of C1-esterase inhibitor

74
Q

What causes acquired angioedema?

A

Deficiency or dysfunction of C1-esterase inhibitor

75
Q

What is the treatment for angioedema?

A

Fresh frozen plasma (replaces C1-esterase inhibitor)

Standard anaphylaxis therapy (usually ineffective)

76
Q

What are the common etiologies of epiglottitis?

A

H. flu

Strep

Staph aureus

Moraxella catarrhalis

77
Q

What abx combination should be prescribed for treatment of acute epiglottitis?

A

3rd gen cephalosporing and antistaphylococcal agent that targets MRSA

78
Q

What are the glands superior to the tonsils in the soft palate?

A

Weber glands

K- Rosh Review (4 decks)

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