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Endo/Repro: Week 1 > Rose: Intro to Endocrine > Flashcards

Rose: Intro to Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of hormones?

A

Peptide-protein
lipid
nonpeptide AA based

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2
Q

What level of hormone do you need to exert an effect?

A

LOW concentration (nano/pico levels)

Overwhelming the system w/ high concentrations wipes out regulatory aspect

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3
Q

What happens when free hormone binds a receptor? Is this reversible or irreversible? What turns free hormone into inactive products?

A

Forms hormone receptor complex> secondary messenger systems> trxn in target cells

REVERSIBLE

Liver and kidney

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4
Q

If there are a limited number of hormone receptors on a cell than the receptors are…

A

saturable

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5
Q

How do hormones and their receptors vary in specificity?

A

A given hormone may bind to multiple receptors with varying specificity, and a given receptor may bind multiple hormones with varying specificity.

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6
Q

What releasing hormones does the Hypothalamus secrete?

A

GnRH
CRH
TRH
GHRH

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7
Q

What inhibitory hormones does the hypothalamus secrete?

A

Somatostatin

Da

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8
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete?

A 
ACTH
TSH
FSH
LH
GH
Prolactin
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9
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete?

A

Vasopressin

Oxytocin

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10
Q

What hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?

A

T3/T4

Calcitonin

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11
Q

What does the Parathyroid gland secrete?

A

Parathyroid hormone

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12
Q

What does the adrenal gland secrete?

A 
cortisol
aldosterone
androgens
estrogens
Epi
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13
Q

What does the pancreas secrete?

A

Insulin
glucagon
somatostatin

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14
Q

What do the ovaries secrete?

A

estradiol

progesterone

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15
Q

What do the testes secrete?

A

testosterone

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16
Q

What regulates Ant Pit hormone production and secretion?

A

Hypothalamus

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17
Q

What happens to hypothalamic neurons in the post pit?

A

they extend into the post pit and can release neural hormones

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18
Q

What two hormones are released from hypothalamic neurons in the post pit and immediately enter the general circulation?

A

ADH
Oxytocin

*target cells see stimulatory hormone very quickly

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19
Q

What are the two affects that the portal system may have on anterior pit cells?

A

Hypothalamic hormones are released in the local portal system and bath ant pit cells leading to the production and release of hormone into the general circulation

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20
Q

What limits the amt of hormone release?

A

Negative feedback

*MC mechanism

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21
Q

When the thyroid hormone curtails THE release of TRH and TSH this is an example of…

A

neg feedback

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22
Q

When does positive feedback occur?

A

RARE
Reinforcing “snow ball effect” resulting in MORE of the hormone secretion

e.g., effects of very high ovarian estrogen on OVULATION

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23
Q

What is the diff between short and long feedback loops in the HPE Axis?

A

Long: increased hormone from the perpiheral endocrine gland–> inhibition of hypothalamus and pituitary

Short: Pituitary hormone –> inhibition of hypothalamus

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24
Q

What are examples of AA derivative hormones?

A

TH
catecholamines
Tryptophan

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25
Q

What are examples of lipid hormones?

A

Steroid hormones*

Eicosanoids (PG, LK)

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26
Q

What are examples of peptide hormones?

A

GH
PRL
Many others

27
Q

Where is the preprohormone synthesized and cleaved into the prohormone?

A

RER

mRNA on ribosome binds AA into a peptide chain…this is the PREprohormone

28
Q

What happens to prohormone?

A 
Prohormone>
GA (enzymatic cleavage)>
Mature hormone>
packaged into secretory granules>
signal causes secretory granules to fuse with the PM>
releases hormones
29
Q

Are protein hormones soluble in water?

A

YES!

30
Q

What can transport protein hormones and what does this do?

A

Carrier proteins

  1. increases total amt of hormone in circulation
  2. protects from metabolic brkdwn
31
Q

What peptide hormones are made as inactive preprohormones?

A

TRH

32
Q

What peptide hormones are made as inactive prohormones?

A

Pro-oplomelanocortin> ACTH

Proinsulin> Insuline

33
Q

Where are steroid hormones derived from?

A

cholesterol (usually from plasma)

34
Q

Where is cholesterol produced and secreted? Are they stored? How are they transported?

A

cholesterol>
enzymatic action in MITOCHONDRIA and SM ER>

produced and secreted WITHOUT STORAGE>

move DOWN concentration grandients

35
Q

What percent of steroid hormones are bound to carrier proteins? Are they water soluble?

A

99.9% bound

NOT water soluble

36
Q

What component of steroid hormones enters the target cell?

A

FREE hormone

37
Q

What are two types of glands that synthesize steroid hormones?

A

gonads

adrenal glands

38
Q

What hormone is a biologically active lipid mediator that tend to occur at LOW levels in TISSUES and work LOCALLY?

A

Eicosanoids

*drugable target

39
Q

What three classes of enzymes produce eicosanoid hormones and are derived from ARACHIDONIC ACID?

A

cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2): prostaglandins, thromboxanes
lipoxygenases (LOX) leukotrienes
cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenases: epoxides

40
Q

Ccyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2):

A

prostaglandins thromboxanes

*TARGET FOR ANTI-INFLAM

41
Q

lipoxygenases (LOX)

A

leukotrienes

42
Q

cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenases:

A

epoxides

43
Q

How do eicosanoid hormones signal?

A

through TRANSmembrane receptors

44
Q

What type of receptors do PG and TX signal through?

A

G protein coupled transmembrane receptors

45
Q

What are examples of Amine (tyrosine and tryptophan) hormones?

A

Catecholamines (DA, NE, Epi)

Thyroid hormones (T4, T3)

46
Q

How are catecholamines similar to protein hormones?

A

bind G protein coupled transmembrane receptor (released on demand)

47
Q

How do thyroid hormones act like steroids?

A

bind to receptors that belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily> secretion involves diffusion down conc gradient

48
Q

What can down regulate receptors on target cells?

A

Decreasing receptor number
Increasing degradation of hormone in cells

Example: In the breast, estrogen reduces the number of estrogen receptors

49
Q

What an upregulate hormones?

A

Increasing receptor number
Decreasing intracellular degradation of hormone

Example: In the breast, estrogen increases the number of progesterone receptors.

50
Q

How do G proteins transduce signaling cascades?

A
  1. stimulated AC> cAMP
  2. increase cytoplasmic Ca
  3. Activate phospholipase C> DAG and IP3
51
Q

How do protein hormones signal using G proteins and adenylate cyclase?

A 
Hormone bound receptor>
activates G-protein >
 stimulates Adenylate Cyclase>
 produces cAMP >
 activates protein kinase signal transduction
52
Q

How are steroid and thyroid hormone receptors different from protein hormone receptors?

A

Hormone binding to receptor>
acts as transcription factors

*Nuclear Receptor Superfamily

53
Q

What are steroid hormone receptor ligands of the nuclear receptor superfamily?

A 
Estrogens
progesterone
androgens
glucocorticoid
mineralcorticoid

*transcriptional activation requires formation of hormone: receptor HOMOdimer

54
Q

Describe the pathway for steroid receptor signaling.

A

Free Hormone dissociates from carrier protein and enters the cell.

Hormone binds to cytoplasmic receptor and translocates to the nucleus.

Dimers form and sit down on specific steroid hormone response element contained on a subset of genes.

Transcription of mRNA.

Translation to protein.

Hormone cellular response

55
Q

What is an example of transcriptional activation of RXR: TR Heterodimer?

A

Thyroid hormone T3 binding to TR

56
Q

Why is it important ot know about the nuclear family superfamily?

A

The receptors are important drug targets:

Thyroid supplementation targets T3R
Glucocorticoid therapies targets GR
Type II Diabetes treatment targets PPAR
Vitamin D responses due to VDR
Progesterone therapy during pregnancy targets PGR
57
Q

Where are hormones degraded?

A

Liver or kidney w/ excretion in the URINE or BILE

**Carrier proteins protect extend half life of hormones by protecting them from liver/kidney metabolism

58
Q

Why are hormones secreted from the hypothalamus in PULSES?

A

Prevents desensitization of downstream hormone receptors

*pulsatile secretion is a hallmark feature of the endocrine system

59
Q

What happens if there is continuous administration of hypothalamic hormones?

A

down regulates hormone receptors leading to a general reduction in hormone signaling

*flat lines axis and pt can’t respond on their own

60
Q

How does the sleep cycle affect hypothalamic hormone secretion?

A

It can affect the circadian rhythm of hormones and would affect when you want to take blood sample

61
Q

It often takes multiple hormones to affect cells and tissues. The effect of multiple hormones can be…

A

additive or synergistic

62
Q

What does it mean if a hormone is permissive?

A

allows another hormone to exert its full effect

*required for full potential of another one

63
Q

What does it mean if a hormone is antagonistic?

A

diminishes the effect of another hormone

Endo/Repro: Week 1 (10 decks)

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