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Forensic science: midterm > Roots of Forensic Science > Flashcards

Roots of Forensic Science Flashcards

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1
Q

T or F: Forensic science is a relatively new career

A

True

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2
Q

When was Forensic science first traced to?

A

1248 (China)
- believed that post-mortem death could give information about how the death occurred.

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3
Q

What was Kin policing referred to as?

A

“Early clan life”

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4
Q

What was Kin policing?

A

All people were responsible for determining sanctions, and imposing violations that were absolute.

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5
Q

Who was responsible for punishing and apprehending criminals?

A

Kings, and Queens were appointed to punish and apprehend.

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6
Q

What type of punishment was kin policing organized into?

A

Serious offences: banishment and death

                         Vs.  Less serious offences: corporal punishment, and property transfer.
  • All criminals were branded/marked
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7
Q

When was the “Laws of Hammurabi” proposed?

A

Anceient Babylon (aprox 1700 BC)
- One of the earliest and most complete written legal codes

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8
Q

How many rules did the Law of Hammurabi have?

A

282 rules, that were carried out by messengers.

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9
Q

T or F: The Romans adapted the first written laws

A

True

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10
Q

Who proposed the “12 Tables”

A

The Romans (3-5th century BC)

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11
Q

What did the 12 tables say/depict?

A
  • Rights/responsibilities
  • Legal procedures
  • Property ownership
  • Punishment of crimes
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12
Q

“Quatores paradici” is a modern translation for what?

A

Police

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13
Q

Who was considered the first modern detective?

A

The Quastores paradici

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14
Q

The collapse of the Roman empire led to what?

A

Non-existent law enforcement as tools of social control

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15
Q

Within 3-5th century BC how were individuals tried?

A
  1. Trial by ordeal
  2. Trial by combat
  3. Trial by star chamber
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16
Q

T or F: 13th century EU powers developed structure of law

A

True

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17
Q

What were the two enforcement methods within the 13th century?

A

Hue and cry, and Watch/Ward

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18
Q

Hue and Cry:

A

Vocal cries alerted neighbours

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19
Q

Watch and Ward:

A

Guarding the city/village at night.
- apprehended suspicious persons
- A modern night watch

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20
Q

Who established the Bow street runners?

A

Henry Fielding (1750)

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21
Q

What were the Bow street runners?

A

“Thief runners”
- Initially tasked with robbery charges
- Only accepted a case if people could pay fees.

22
Q

What was the first formal police force?

A

Bow Street runners

23
Q

When was the first formal detective established?

A

1810, French Surete

24
Q

Who established the French Surete?

A

Eugene Francois Vidoq

25
Q

What did Francois believe?

A
  1. Only criminals can fight crime
  2. Obtaining information from criminals (habits/methods), and sending police officers undercover (prison).
26
Q

T or F: Canada saw benefit in a formal police force

A

True
- traced earlier than the 1600’s

27
Q

When did the Canadian provincial police become rural?

A

1867

28
Q

When did the expansion of the North-west mounted police occur?

A

1873

29
Q

What is the difference between Criminology and Criminalistics?

A

Criminology: Study of criminals within society
- The exploration of criminals and their treatment

                        Vs.  Criminalistics: Study of evidence within a crime  - Known as Forensic science
30
Q

What are the two philosophies in forensics?

A

Atavism, and Positivism

31
Q

What are the two philosophies in forensics?

A

Atavism, and Positivism

32
Q

Atavism:

A

Criminals are born to commit crime, it is biological deviance

33
Q

Who proposed atavism?

A

Caesar Lombroso

34
Q

Who was “the father of modern criminology”?

A

Cesear Lombroso

35
Q

Positivism:

A

Criminals exist since crime is a part of social causes

36
Q

Who believed in positivism?

A

Alex Lacassagne

37
Q

Who was the “father of forensic science”?

A

Alex Lacassagne

38
Q

Alphonso Bertillion

A

Proposed 11 measurements of the body (Anthropometry)
- “Bertillion method” implemented (1883)
- Widely accepted until (1920’s)
- Foundation for the “mug shots”

39
Q

Edmond Locard

A

Developed methodology of “cause of death”, and its association with evidence.

40
Q

Who was “the father of modern criminal investigation”?

A

Henry Gross

41
Q

Henry Gross:

A

Recognized the role of science in determining legal matters.
- Wanted legal professionals to understand forensics
- Unified law and science
- Coined the term “criminalistics”

42
Q

Sir Edward Henry:

A

Introduced the Metropolitan police force
- Classification and use of “finger prints”
- Formalized ideas of Galton
- His systems included classified prints (Loop, Whirl, Arch).

43
Q

Who began to use an attic above a police department?

A

Locard, he established the first formal lab (France).

44
Q

Locard was specifically interested in what?

A

Microscopic evidence, particularly dust.

45
Q

Locard was specifically interested in what?

A

Microscopic evidence, particularly dust.

46
Q

What was Locard’s exchange principle

A

“When two objects come into contact there is always a transference of each object onto another”.

47
Q

Henry Rhodes:

A

Used the scientific method for crime scene investigation.

48
Q

What did Rhodes propose about crime scene investigation?

A

Stated the objective of crime scene investigation was to determine . . .
1. How the crime occurred
2. Order of events

49
Q

Who was the founder of American Criminalists?

A

Paul Kirk

50
Q

Paul Kirk:

A

Analyzed evidence of the “Sam Shepard” case
- Stated physical evidence is always at a crime scene, and it is only compromised due to human error.

51
Q

Sir Alec Jeffrey’s:

A

British geneticist
- 1980’s believed that individual I.D can be determined through DNA (concept of genetic fingerprint)

52
Q

Who paved the way for current techniques used in DNA analysis?

A

Sir Alec Jeffrey’s

Forensic science: midterm (6 decks)

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