Roots, Big Ideas, And Critical Thinking Tools Flashcards
Define Structuralism
Identifies building blocks of human experience
Wilhelm Wundt
- Established first psychology lab in Germany (1879)
- Represented Structuralism and Introspection
William James
Represented Functionalism
Famous for recruiting Mary Calkins (first woman president of APA)
What is Functionalism?
Describes human behavior in terms of their evolutionary purpose
Mary Whiton Calkins
- First woman president of the APA (American Psychological Association)
- Famous for memory research
Margaret Washburn
First woman to receive Ph.D in psychology
Define Behaviorists
Explains psychology through observations
Define humanistic psychologists
How a positive environment fosters personal growth and to our needs of love and acceptance
Sigmund Freud
Presented idea of the id, ego, and superego
Explain the id, ego, and superego
id: primal wants/needs
superego: balances id and is our idea of our perfect selves
ego: sense of self
What is psychology?
Science of behavior and mental processes
Name the 7 psychology sub fields
Neuroscience Evolutionary Behavior Genetics Psychodynamic(unconscious drives) Behavioral Cognitive (how we encode, process, store, and retrieve info.) Social-Cultural
What are the Four Big Ideas of psychology?
1) Critical thinking is smart thinking
2) Behavior is a biopsychosocial event
3) Dual processing (conscious and unconscious)
4) Explores human strengths as well as challenges
Explain idea 2
Our behavior and mental processes are influenced by
- Biological
- Psychological
- Social-Cultural
What are the 3 pillars to idea 4?
1) Positive emotions
2) Positive character
3) Positive groups, communities, and cultures
Explain Basic Goals in psychology
To explain, predict, and describe fundamental properties of behavior [WITHIN AND GENERAL]
Explain Applied Goals in psychology
Solve real-world problems
[OUTSIDE AND SPECIFIC]
What are the 3 basic attitudes of the scientific attitude?
1) Curiosity: Keep asking Q’s
2) Skeptical: What do you mean? How do you know? (Not cynical)
3) Humility: Accept your mistakes
Explain the process of the scientific method
Build theory
Create hypotheses
Research & observations/replicate
Leads to refining theory
Descriptive method
Basic purpose, how conducted, and weaknesses
BP: To observe and record behavior
HC: Case studies, surveys, or naturalistic observations
W: No control of variables; single cases may be misleading
Correlational method
Basic purpose, how conducted, and weaknesses
BP: Detect naturally occurring relationships; assess how well one variable PREDICTS another
HC: Statistical association, sometimes among survey responses
W: Does NOT specify cause-effect, only association
Experimental method
Basic purpose, how conducted, and weaknesses
BP: Explore cause-effect
HC: Manipulate one or more factors
W: At times, not possible for ethics or practical reasons; results may not generalize to other contexts
What is a positive and negative correlation?
Positive: Both variables are DIRECTLY associated
Negative: INDIRECTLY associated
What is an illusory correlation? Why does it happen?
Perception of correlation when one does not exist.
We are bias to look for correlations in random instances and ignore when correlation does not happen
What is a double-blind procedure?
Both participants and research staff are ignorant to who receives treatment or placebo
René Descartes
Represented dualism
Mind and body are separate; body influences soul and vice versa through pineal gland
