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Life Sciences II > Roots > Flashcards

Roots Flashcards

practical work

1
Q

What are the functions of roots?

A
  • anchorage and support
  • absorption and conduction
  • storage
  • photosynthesis (mangrooves, orchids)
  • aeration (oneumatophores)
  • movement (contractile roots)
  • reproduction
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2
Q

Which plants in specific undergo photosynthesis?

A

mangrooves and orchids

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3
Q

Which plants in specific undergo aeration?

A

pneumatophores

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4
Q

Which parts of plants in specific undergo movement?

A

contractile roots

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5
Q

What are the two types of root systems?

A
  • Taproot system
  • Fibrous root system
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6
Q

State an example of a plant with a taproot system.

A

dandelion

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7
Q

State an example of a plant with a fibrous root system.

A

grass

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8
Q

What is the specific name used to explain root and shoots used for reproduction?

A

‘ADVENTITIOUS’ roots and shoots

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9
Q

What are the two ends of a potato?

A

1) distal end
2) sar where tuberous root was detatched from the mother plant

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10
Q

What are the three parts of a root?

more specifically ‘areas’

A
  1. area of MATURATION
  2. area of ELONGATION
  3. area of CELL DIVISION
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11
Q

Which parts of a root are present in the ‘area of MATURATION’?

A
  • vascular cylinder (xylem and phloem)
  • root hair
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12
Q

Which parts of a root are present in the ‘area of ELONGATION’?

A
  • vascular cylinder (xylem and phloem)
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13
Q

Which parts of a root are present in the ‘area of CELL DIVISION’?

A
  • vascular cylinder (xylem and phloem)
  • apical meristem
  • root cap
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14
Q

In which part of the plant is the ‘apical meristem’ located?

A

area of CELL DIVISION

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15
Q

In which part of the plant are root hairs located?

A

area of MATURATION

to have hair, you must mature

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16
Q

What is a plants ‘BASAL ZONE’?

A

All plant areas together.
- area of maturation (differentiation)
- area of elongation
- area of cell division

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17
Q

What is a different name used to explain all 3 areas together?

A

the BASAL ZONE

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17
Q

Explain the area of CELL DIVISION. What is special about it?

A
  • short (few mm in length)
  • apical meristem
  • root cap (terrestrial plants)
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18
Q

What type of plants have root caps?

A

terrestrial plants

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19
Q

Explain the area of ELONGATION. What is special about it?

A
  • 5-10 mm in length
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20
Q

Explain the area of MATURATION. What is its other name? What is special about it?

A

area of maturation=area of differentiation
- few cm in length

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21
Q

Around how many root hairs does 1mm^2 have?

A

400 root hairs

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22
Q

Explain the growth of a root hair. Where does it grow? How many cells is one root hair made up of?

A
  • grows in the area of MATURATION (differentiation)
  • each root hair is only part of a single cell
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23
Q

What is the function of root hairs?

A
  • provide the plant with water and minerals
  • excrete acids that aim to make insoluble minerals digestable for plant cells.
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24
Q

Label a diagram of a root hair.

A
  • nucleus
  • large vacuole (containing cell sap)
  • cytoplasm
  • cell surface membrane
  • cell wall
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25
Q

What does R.A.M. stand for?

A

Root Apical Meristem

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26
Q

What does RAM give rise to?

A

primary meristems

27
Q

What are the three types of primary meristems?

A
  • procambium
  • ground meristem
  • protoderm

+ root cap

28
Q

What do the primary meristems give rise to?

A

primary tissues

29
Q

State the three types of primary tissues.

A
  • ground tissue
  • dermal tissue
  • vascular tissue
30
Q

Which part of the plant does ground tissue form?

A

the cortex

31
Q

Which part of the plant does dermal tissue form?

A

rhizodermis (epiblema)

32
Q

Which part of the plant does vascular tissue form?

A

xylem and phloem

33
Q

What is the name of the initial cells giving rise to tissues?

A

meristems

34
Q

What are meristems?

A

initial cells giving rise to tissues

35
Q

What are the two types of meristems?

A

primary meristems and secondary meristems

36
Q

Where are primary meristems located?

A

at the tips of the roots

37
Q

What do secondary meristems develop from?

A

primary meristematic cells

procambium and pericycle

38
Q

What are the primary meristematic cells?

A

procambium and pericycle

39
Q

What are the two types of cambium?

A
  • vascular cambium
  • cork cambium
40
Q

What type of meristems are primary and secondary meristems?

A

primary meristems- apical meristems
secondary meristems- lateral meristems

primary school- grow taller
secondary school- grow wider

41
Q

For what type of plants do secondary meristems characterize?

monocots or dicots?

A

dicots only!

42
Q

When does the primary anatomical structure of a root feature?

in monocots and dicots

A

monocots: characteristics remain for their entire life
dicots: the primary structure is only at the stage of a sprout (in parts of a young root).

43
Q

What happens to the roots of dicots after the stage of a sprout (ie. primary structure)?

A

The roots of dicots begin to add in girth because of functioning secondary meristems.

44
Q

Label the diagram of the tip of the root.

A

3 AREAS:
- area of maturation (differentiation)
- area of elongation
- area of cell division

3 PRIMARY MERISTEMS:
- procambium
- ground meristem
- protoderm

  • RAM: root apical meristem
  • statocytes
  • root cap
45
Q

Label the cross-section of the primary root structure (section in the zone of maturation).

A
  • rhizodermis
  • xylem
  • phloem
  • cortex
  • exodermis
  • mesodermis
  • endodermis
46
Q

Label the primary structure of a root.

A
  • mesodermis
  • endodermis
  • pericycle
  • sclerenchyma cells
  • phloem
  • xylem
47
Q

What are sclerenchyma cells for?

A

support

48
Q

What are xylem vessels used for?

A

conduction of water

49
Q

What do xylem vessels consist of?

A
  • tracheids and vessels
  • schlerenchyma cells (for support)
  • parenchyma cells (for the collection of nutrients)
50
Q

What are phloem vessels used for?

A

the conduction of organic materials

51
Q

What do phloem vessels consist of?

A
  • sieve-tube members (prolongued cells)
  • companion cells (for nutrient aid)
  • sclerenchyma cells
  • parenchyma cells
52
Q

What does phloem and xylem have in common?

A

both partially made up of schlerenchyma and parenchma cells

53
Q

Label the diagram of xylem and phloem.

A

XYLEM:
- paired pits
- parenchyma (food storage) cells
- vessel elements
- tracheids
- pits
- vessels

PHLOEM:
- companion cells
- sieve cells
- sieve plate structure
- food storage cells

54
Q

Do dicots have a primary root structure? Where?

A

yes, but only at very young parts of roots.

55
Q

How does the structure of dicots primary roots compare to that of monocots? Label the diagram.

A

The structure is very similar but the central part (vascular tissue) differ, and xylem looks like a cross.

  • stele
  • root hair
  • epidermis
  • endodermis
  • pericycle
  • xylem
  • phloem
  • cortex
56
Q

What type of tissue is meristematic tissue?

A

generative tissue

57
Q

What do secondary meristems arise from?

A

primary meristems: procambium and pericycle cells.
- vascular cambium
- cork cambium

58
Q

Explain the transition of meristems from primary to secondary with the aid of a diagram.

A
  • epidermis –> –> phellem (cork cells)
  • cortex –> (now includes endodermis) –>cork cambium
  • endodermis –> X
  • pericycle –> –> phelloderm
  • primary phloem –> secondary phloem –>
  • vascular cambium –> –>
  • primary xylem –> secondary xylem –>

endodermis dissapears and joins cortex + all primary changes into second

59
Q

What do secondary meristems produce? What is it composed of? What is inside what is outside?

A

1) VASCULAR CAMBIUM
- secondary xylem inside
- secondary phloem outside

2) CORK CAMBIUM (PHELLOGEN) –> PERIDERM
- phelloderm inside
- phellem (cork) outside

60
Q

What is another word for ‘cork’?

A

phellem

61
Q

What is the cork cambium also referred to as?

A

periderm

62
Q

What is periderm?

A

The secondary dermal tissue that replaces the epidermis.

Cork cambium with cells:
- inside: phelloderm
- outside: phellem

63
Q

What is the name of the secondary dermal tissue that replaces the epidermis?

A

periderm

64
Q

Explain the anatomy of modified roots.

i.e. raddish, carrots, beetroots

A

The amount of xylem and phloem differ depending on the types of plants.

i.e.
radish- xylem>phloem
carrot- phloem>xylem

Some other plants, like turnip and beetroots, have multiple rings of vascular cambium. Each new vascular cambium produces vascular tissue (secondary xylem and phloem) causing fast thickening.

65
Q

Label a diagram of the secondary anatomical structure of a root.

A
  • periderm
  • secondary phloem
  • vascular cambium
  • secondary xylem
  • primary xylem

Life Sciences II (6 decks)

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