Life Sciences II > Roots > Flashcards

Roots Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of roots?

A
  • anchorage and support
  • absorption and conduction
  • storage
  • photosynthesis (mangrooves, orchids)
  • aeration (oneumatophores)
  • movement (contractile roots)
  • reproduction
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2
Q

Which plants in specific undergo photosynthesis?

A

mangrooves and orchids

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3
Q

Which plants in specific undergo aeration?

A

pneumatophores

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4
Q

Which parts of plants in specific undergo movement?

A

contractile roots

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5
Q

What are the two types of root systems?

A
  • Taproot system
  • Fibrous root system
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6
Q

State an example of a plant with a taproot system.

A

dandelion

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7
Q

State an example of a plant with a fibrous root system.

A

grass

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8
Q

What is the specific name used to explain root and shoots used for reproduction?

A

‘ADVENTITIOUS’ roots and shoots

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9
Q

What are the two ends of a potato?

A

1) distal end
2) sar where tuberous root was detatched from the mother plant

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10
Q

What are the three parts of a root?

more specifically ‘areas’

A
  1. area of MATURATION
  2. area of ELONGATION
  3. area of CELL DIVISION
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11
Q

Which parts of a root are present in the ‘area of MATURATION’?

A
  • vascular cylinder (xylem and phloem)
  • root hair
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12
Q

Which parts of a root are present in the ‘area of ELONGATION’?

A
  • vascular cylinder (xylem and phloem)
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13
Q

Which parts of a root are present in the ‘area of CELL DIVISION’?

A
  • vascular cylinder (xylem and phloem)
  • apical meristem
  • root cap
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14
Q

In which part of the plant is the ‘apical meristem’ located?

A

area of CELL DIVISION

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15
Q

In which part of the plant are root hairs located?

A

area of MATURATION

to have hair, you must mature

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16
Q

What is a plants ‘BASAL ZONE’?

A

All plant areas together.
- area of maturation (differentiation)
- area of elongation
- area of cell division

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17
Q

What is a different name used to explain all 3 areas together?

A

the BASAL ZONE

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17
Q

Explain the area of CELL DIVISION. What is special about it?

A
  • short (few mm in length)
  • apical meristem
  • root cap (terrestrial plants)
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18
Q

What type of plants have root caps?

A

terrestrial plants

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19
Q

Explain the area of ELONGATION. What is special about it?

A
  • 5-10 mm in length
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20
Q

Explain the area of MATURATION. What is its other name? What is special about it?

A

area of maturation=area of differentiation
- few cm in length

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21
Q

Around how many root hairs does 1mm^2 have?

A

400 root hairs

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22
Q

Explain the growth of a root hair. Where does it grow? How many cells is one root hair made up of?

A
  • grows in the area of MATURATION (differentiation)
  • each root hair is only part of a single cell
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23
Q

What is the function of root hairs?

A
  • provide the plant with water and minerals
  • excrete acids that aim to make insoluble minerals digestable for plant cells.
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24
Label a diagram of a root hair.
- nucleus - large vacuole (containing *cell sap*) - cytoplasm - cell surface membrane - cell wall
25
What does R.A.M. stand for?
Root Apical Meristem
26
What does RAM give rise to?
primary meristems
27
What are the three types of primary meristems?
- procambium - ground meristem - protoderm | + root cap
28
What do the primary meristems give rise to?
primary tissues
29
State the three types of primary tissues.
- ground tissue - dermal tissue - vascular tissue
30
Which part of the plant does ground tissue form?
the cortex
31
Which part of the plant does dermal tissue form?
rhizodermis (epiblema)
32
Which part of the plant does vascular tissue form?
xylem and phloem
33
What is the name of the initial cells giving rise to tissues?
meristems
34
What are meristems?
initial cells giving rise to tissues
35
What are the two types of meristems?
primary meristems and secondary meristems
36
Where are primary meristems located?
at the tips of the roots
37
What do secondary meristems develop from?
primary meristematic cells | procambium and pericycle
38
What are the primary meristematic cells?
procambium and pericycle
39
What are the two types of cambium?
- vascular cambium - cork cambium
40
What type of meristems are primary and secondary meristems?
primary meristems- apical meristems secondary meristems- lateral meristems | primary school- grow taller secondary school- grow wider
41
For what type of plants do secondary meristems characterize? | monocots or dicots?
dicots only!
42
When does the primary anatomical structure of a root feature? | in monocots and dicots
monocots: characteristics remain for their entire life dicots: the primary structure is only at the stage of a sprout (in parts of a young root).
43
What happens to the roots of dicots after the stage of a sprout (ie. primary structure)?
The roots of dicots begin to add in girth because of functioning secondary meristems.
44
Label the diagram of the tip of the root.
3 AREAS: - area of maturation (differentiation) - area of elongation - area of cell division 3 PRIMARY MERISTEMS: - procambium - ground meristem - protoderm - RAM: root apical meristem - statocytes - root cap
45
Label the cross-section of the primary root structure (section in the zone of maturation).
- rhizodermis - xylem - phloem - cortex - exodermis - mesodermis - endodermis
46
Label the primary structure of a root.
- mesodermis - endodermis - pericycle - sclerenchyma cells - phloem - xylem
47
What are sclerenchyma cells for?
support
48
What are xylem vessels used for?
conduction of water
49
What do xylem vessels consist of?
- tracheids and vessels - schlerenchyma cells (for support) - parenchyma cells (for the collection of nutrients)
50
What are phloem vessels used for?
the conduction of organic materials
51
What do phloem vessels consist of?
- sieve-tube members (prolongued cells) - companion cells (for nutrient aid) - sclerenchyma cells - parenchyma cells
52
What does phloem and xylem have in common?
both partially made up of schlerenchyma and parenchma cells
53
Label the diagram of xylem and phloem.
XYLEM: - paired pits - parenchyma (food storage) cells - vessel elements - tracheids - pits - vessels PHLOEM: - companion cells - sieve cells - sieve plate structure - food storage cells
54
Do dicots have a primary root structure? Where?
yes, but only at very young parts of roots.
55
How does the structure of dicots primary roots compare to that of monocots? Label the diagram.
The structure is very similar but the central part (vascular tissue) differ, and xylem looks like a cross. - stele - root hair - epidermis - endodermis - pericycle - xylem - phloem - cortex
56
What type of tissue is meristematic tissue?
generative tissue
57
What do secondary meristems arise from?
**primary meristems**: procambium and pericycle cells. - vascular cambium - cork cambium
58
Explain the transition of meristems from primary to secondary with the aid of a diagram.
- epidermis --> --> phellem (cork cells) - cortex --> (now includes endodermis) -->cork cambium - endodermis --> X - pericycle --> --> phelloderm - primary phloem --> secondary phloem --> - vascular cambium --> --> - primary xylem --> secondary xylem --> | endodermis dissapears and joins cortex + all primary changes into second
59
What do secondary meristems produce? What is it composed of? What is inside what is outside?
1) VASCULAR CAMBIUM - secondary xylem inside - secondary phloem outside 2) CORK CAMBIUM (PHELLOGEN) --> PERIDERM - phelloderm inside - phellem (cork) outside
60
What is another word for 'cork'?
phellem
61
What is the cork cambium also referred to as?
periderm
62
What is periderm?
The secondary dermal tissue that replaces the epidermis. Cork cambium with cells: - inside: phelloderm - outside: phellem
63
What is the name of the secondary dermal tissue that replaces the epidermis?
periderm
64
Explain the anatomy of modified roots. | i.e. raddish, carrots, beetroots
The amount of xylem and phloem differ depending on the types of plants. i.e. radish- xylem>phloem carrot- phloem>xylem Some other plants, like turnip and beetroots, have multiple rings of vascular cambium. Each new vascular cambium produces vascular tissue (secondary xylem and phloem) causing fast thickening.
65
Label a diagram of the secondary anatomical structure of a root.
- periderm - secondary phloem - vascular cambium - secondary xylem - primary xylem
Life Sciences II
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