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Life Sciences II > Biological Diversity (T1 pt.3) > Flashcards

Biological Diversity (T1 pt.3) Flashcards

1
Q

What is genetic diversity?

A

The genetic veriety within all populations of one species.

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2
Q

What is ecosystem diversity?

A

The variety of ecosystems found on earth: the forests, deserts, coral reefs, lakes, and other ecosystems of our planet.

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3
Q

What is species diversity?

A

The amount of different species in specific area.

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4
Q

What can be used to represent genetic diversity among individuals within a population?

A

a single unduplicated chromosome

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5
Q

What is biological diversity? What does it consist of?

A

The number, variety, and variability of Earth’s organisms.
It conisists of three components:
- genetic diversity
- species richness
- ecosystem diversity

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6
Q

What is extinction?

A

The elimination of a species from earth.

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7
Q

What is a mass extinction?

A

The extinction of a large number of species within a relatively short period of geological time.

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8
Q

What are endangered species?

A

A species that faces threats which may cause it to become extinct within a short period of time.
- less than 250 mature individuals

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9
Q

What is a threatened species?

A

A species whose population has declined to the point that it may be at risk of extinction.

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10
Q

What is the difference between a threatened and endangered species?

A

Endangered species are those plants and animals that have become so rare they are in danger of becoming extinct. Threatened species are plants and animals that are likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
- threatened is more serious then endangered

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11
Q

What is meant by the “density of population within an ecosystem”?

A

The average number of individuals per unit of area.

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12
Q

What factors influence the density of population within an ecosystem?

A

Physical Factors:
- water supply,
- climate,
- relief (shape of the land),
- vegetation,
- soils
- availability of natural resources
- availability of energy.

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13
Q

What is interspecific competition?

A

Competition between individuals of different species over the same resource within one ecosystem.

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14
Q

What is the result of interspecific competition?

A

results in:
- the exclusion of a species in the habitat,
- niche separation,
- local extinction.

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15
Q

What is a predator?

A

An organism that naturally lives (preys) on other organisms.

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16
Q

What is a prey?

A

An animal that is caught and killed by another for food.

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17
Q

What is “warning coloration”?

A

Conspicuous colouring that warns a predator that an animal is unpalatable or poisonous.

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18
Q

What is mimicry?

A

DEFINITION: occurs when one species of animal (the mimic) resembles another species that has easily recognizable characteristics (the model).

RESULT: deceives a potential predator (the dupe) that might otherwise capture and eat it.

TYPES:
Batesian mimicry- a harmless mimic poses as harmful. Müllerian mimicry- two or more harmful species mutually advertise themselves as harmful.
Mertensian mimicry- a deadly mimic resembles a less harmful but lesson-teaching model.

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19
Q

What is “Batesian mimicry”?

A

Occurs when a harmless mimic poses as harmful.

eg. striped fly and wasp

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20
Q

What is “Mullerian mimicry”?

A

2+ harmful species advertise themselves as harmful.

eg. 2 toxic butterflies having the same pattern (monarch and viceroy)

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21
Q

What is “Mertensian mimicry”?

A

A deadly mimic resembles a less harmful but teaching lesson.

eg. specific types of striped snakes.

22
Q

What is meant by “coevolution”?

A

Coevolution describes cases where two (or more) species reciprocally affect each other’s evolution.

23
Q

What are the different types of coevolution?

A
  • symbiosis
  • mutualism
  • parasitism
  • commensalism
  • amensalism
24
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

A close, prolonged association between two or more different biological species.

25
Q

What is mutualism?

A

A symbiotic relationship where all species involved benefit.

26
Q

What is paracitism?

A

A symbiotic relationship where one species benefit at the cost of another species.

27
Q

What is commensalism?

A

A symbiotic relationship where one benefit from another species that is neither benefiting nor being harmed.

28
Q

What is amensalism?

A

A symbiotic relationship where one is inhibited or destroyed and the other is unaffected.

29
Q

What is meant by population density?

A

Concentration of individuals within a species in a specific area.

30
Q

Explain the life history of an organism.

A

The patterns of reproduction and survival of an organism.

31
Q

Explain the survivorship curve.

A

A graphic representation of the number of individuals in a population that can be expected to survive to any specific age.

32
Q

What are the different “selections” that species can have?

A

R-selected species
K-selected species

33
Q

What are R-selected species?

A

Grow rapidly, tend to be found in less competitive, low quality environments.

  • shorter lifespans,
  • are generally smaller,
  • produce many young,
  • exhibit exponential growth.

r- rapid, less competative
eg. mice

34
Q

What are K-selected species?

A

Produce offspring that each have a higher probability of survival to maturity.

  • larger,
  • have long lifespans,
  • produce few young at a time,
  • exhibit logistic growth.

k- klaudia matured very fast.
eg. elephant

35
Q

What is meant by a populations carrying capacity?

A

The maximum population size of a species that can be sustained by that specific environment.

36
Q

What affects a populations carrying capacity?

A

The availability of ABIOTIC FACTORS:
- water,
- oxygen,
- space

The availability of BIOTIC FACTORS:
- food
- availability of decomposers.

37
Q

What is meant by logistic population growth?

A
  • a population’s per capita growth rate gets smaller and smaller as population size approaches a maximum imposed by limited resources in the environment, known as the CARRYING CAPACITY.
  • S-shaped curve
38
Q

What is the difference between exponential and logistic population growth?

A

Exponential growth produces a J-shaped curve.
Logistic growth produces an S-shaped curve.

39
Q

What is meant by “non-natives”?

A

Species that doesn’t occur naturally in a specific area.

40
Q

What is meant by “invasives”?

A

A species that is:
- non-native to the ecosystem,
- takes over the ecosystem at the expenses of the native species.

41
Q

What is meant by “introduced species”?

A

Any species that is transferred by humans from their native to a new habitat.

42
Q

How can new introduced species cause harm?

A

INVASIVE SPECIES:
- cause extinctions of native plants and animals,
- reduce biodiversity,
- compete with native organisms for limited resources,
- alter habitats.

43
Q

What is meant by the term “self sustaining ecosystem”?

A

Ecosystems that:
- produce all the resources needed to sustain themselves indefinitely,
- have a stable food chain,
- no need for external inputs or maintenance from humans or other species.

44
Q

What is dispersion?

A

Scattering of organisms within a population to a specific area away from their native area.

spreading of individuals away from each other

45
Q

What is migration?

A

Seasonal movement of animals from one habitat to another in search of food.

46
Q

What is the difference between dispersion and migration?

A

Migration involves travel in a periodically and geographically predictable way, whether it occurs just once or many times.
Dispersal in its broadest sense means movement away from the birthplace.

47
Q

What is immigration?

A

An animal establishing a home in a habitat because of that habitats ideal resources.

48
Q

What are metapopulations?

A

A group of connected populations of a species.

49
Q

What are wildlife corridors?

A

A strip of natural habitat connecting populations otherwise separated by cultivated land.

50
Q

What is meant by the term “colonization”?

A

The occupation of a habitat by a biological community or a single species

Life Sciences II (6 decks)

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