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Plant Physiology > Root Physiology > Flashcards

Root Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main types of root system?

A

Tap roots
- have a primary root which is the longest and thickest, lateral roots branch from the primary root

Fibrous roots
- adventitious roots branching from the radicle and stem, no main root.

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2
Q

What is a eudicot?

A

Most plants and trees, legumes etc. Have a tap root.

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3
Q

What is a monocot?

A

Grass, plam trees etc, have fibrous roots.

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4
Q

What is a rhizome?

A

Rhizomes are modified stems growing horizontally in the soil. They are probably the ancestors of roots.

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5
Q

What are the layers of a cell wall?

A
  • Middle lamella (formed during cell division, mostly pectin)
  • Primary cell wall (mostly cellulose, hemicelulose and pectin)
  • Secondary cell wall (formed after cell growth in specialised cell types, lignin instead of pectin, so stronger)
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6
Q

What are the 3 types of plant tissue?

A
  • Ground tissue
  • Vascular tissue
  • Dermal tissue
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7
Q

What are the types of ground tissue? (bonus: which one is in roots)

A
  • Sclerenchyma
  • Collenchyma
  • Parenchyma (in roots)
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8
Q

What are types of vascular tissue?

A
  • Xylem

- Phloem

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9
Q

What are the types of dermal tissue?

A
  • Epidermis

- Periderm

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10
Q

What is parenchyma?

A

Parenchyma cells have thin primary walls.

Parenchyma tissue contains intercellular air spaces.

Most plant organs contain parenchyma tissue (“bulk”).

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11
Q

What are the 4 main zones found in a root? (from bottom to top)

A
  • root cap
  • zone of cell division
  • zone of elongation
  • zone of cell differentiation
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12
Q

What are the 3 radial layers found in roots and what are they used for?

A

Epidermis: absorption
Cortex: bulk of the root
Stele: transport

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13
Q

What is the Casparian strip?

A

A diffusion barrier between the cortex and the endodermis, described as an internal skin.

Hydrophobic plug between cells: forces passage through cytoplasm (selective)

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14
Q

What is the function of the root cap?

A

Shield, sensor, steer

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15
Q

How does the root cap detect gravity.

A

Amylopasts, which contain starch in a very high density, are heavy. They fall to the bottom of the root cap, giving the root direction.

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16
Q

Where to root hairs get produced and where are thy found?

A

Produced in the zone of elongation, they are found in the younger parts of the root as they only live for 1 to 3 weeks.

17
Q

Where and how do lateral roots form?

A

They are formed in the zone of cell differentiation.

They start growing from the pericycle to connect the new vascular tissue to existing vascular tissue.

18
Q

How do roots provide anchorage?

A
  • resistance to uprooting

- resistance to overturning

19
Q

What are the main components of soil?

A
  • minerals
  • organic matter
  • water and air
20
Q

What are the macro nutrients?

A
  • potassium
  • nitrogen
  • phosphorus
  • sulfur
  • magnesium
  • calcium
21
Q

What are the mirco nutrients?

A
  • iron
  • nickel
  • manganese
  • copper
  • molybdenum
  • boron
  • chloride
  • zinc
22
Q

What are Mycorrhizae, what do they do?

A

Plant symbiotic fungi, they facilitate access to nutrients in exchange for carbohydrates.

23
Q

What are ectomycorrhizal fungi?

A

Live outside root cells, found in 3% of land plants.

24
Q

What are endomycorrhizal fungi?

A

Develop within the root cortex cells, found in 80% of land plants.

25
Q

Describe the symbiotic relationship some plants have to get fixed nitrogen?

A

Nitrogen fixing bacteria (rhizobia) are hosted in root nodules where they fix nitrogen (N2 + 3H2 -> 2NH3) in exchange for carbohydrates and a sheltered environment.
Occurs in legumes.

26
Q

What might be the difference between the root system irrigated and non irrigated plants?

A

Non irrigated: expanded roots horizontally to catch rainfall near soil surface

Irrigated: have the resources to forage deeper in the ground for nutrients

27
Q

What is the plasmodesmata?

A

Plasmodesmata allow transport of macromolecules between adjacent cells. The desmotubule in the centre of the plasdesma connects the endoplasmic reticula.

28
Q

What are the 3 pathways nutrients and water can be transported to the xylem?

A

Apoplastic: through extracellular space (mostly cell wall)

Symplastic: through cells, using plasmodesmata

Transcellular: through cells, using transporters

29
Q

What are 3 types of specialized root?

A

Storage - e.g. sweet potato for starch or wild cucumber for water

Parasitic - e.g. haustorial roots attack to the host and drain nutrients from it vascular system

Aerial - e.g. prop roots (around stem or branches) or velamen roots for aerial plants

Plant Physiology (7 decks)

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