Root

Question 1

Angiospermae show large diversity
Are characteristics by presence of
Root system
Shoot systems

Answer 1

In external structure/ morphology
Roots , stem. Leaves , flowers,fruits
Underground part of flowering plant
Portion above the ground

Question 2

Roots are very

Types of root

Answer 2

Geotropic
Hydrotropic
Phototropic
Tap root
Adventitious roots
Fibrous root

Question 3

Tap root
Leads to formation of primary roots
Referred to secondary, tertiary roots

Answer 3

The direct elongation of radicle
Primary root bears lateral roots of several orders

Question 4

Constitute tap roots systems
Eg
Dicot / monocot

Answer 4

The primary roots and its branches constitute
Mustard plant
In dicot plants

Question 5

Adventitious root develop from
Eg ( mono/dicot)
Fibrous root primary root
Originated

Answer 5

From other parts of plant other than radicle
Grass( mono ),monstera (mono),banayan tree (dicot)
Is short lived and replaced by large number of roots
From base of stem

Question 6

Functions of root are

Eg

Answer 6

Absorption of water and minerals
Provide a proper anchorage to plant parts
Synthesis of plant growth hormone (PGR)
Storage of reserve food material
Eg carrot , radish , turnip ,sweet potato ,asparagus

Question 7

Modifications of tap root( fn , sub types eg)

Answer 7

A)For storage of food
i . Fusiform / spindle roots = radish
ii . Conical root = carrot
iii. Napiform = turnip, sugar beet
B) for nitrogen fixation= pea, gram, bean [family = Fabaceae ]
C) for respiration / pneumatophores
Eg rhizophora ( mangrove plant

Question 8

Tap root storage of food
Fusiform/
Eg
Conical
Eg
3 type

Answer 8

Spindle root = are thicker in middle and tapering on both ends
Radish
Roots are thicker at their upper side and tapering at lower side
Eg carrot
Napiform = swollen , spherical at upper end , tapering ( thread ) at lower end
Eg turnip , sugar beet ( beet root

Question 9

Pneumatophores For ; modification of
Found in( scarcity of)
Root growth
Pores
Geotropic
Eg

Answer 9

Respiration , tap root
Marshy/ swampy ( scarcity of water)
Some branches of tap root grow vertically upward and come on surfaces
Minute pore called pneumatophores, lenticels
Negatively
Rhizophora ( mangrove plant ) halophyte

Question 10

Modification of adventitious root ( for,type)

Answer 10

A)For storage of food
i. Fasiculated roots = asparagus , dahlia
ii.tuberous = sweet potato
B) for support
i. Stilt root=maize,sugarcane
ii) prop/pillar = banyan
iii.Climbing root = money plant,monstera
C)For special fn
i. Foliar/ epiphyllous = bryophyllum
ii . Sucking/haustorial / parasitic = cuscuta

Question 11

Adventitious root storage of foods
Fasciculated root occurring
Are ______… due to storage of food
Eg
Tuberous become
Shape

Answer 11

In clusters
Swollen
Eg asparagus,dahlias
Swollen
No definite
Eg sweet potato

Question 12

For support adventitious
Stilt root = arise from,enter
Eg
Prop root/ , _______ arise from
Grow ( down / up) eg
Climbing roots arise,help
Eg

Answer 12

Lower node and enter in soil
Eg maize , sugarcane
Pillar roots , hanging root arise from branches of plant
Grow downward ,banyan ( ficus benghalensis)
From nodes help in climbing
Eg money plant ( pathos),monstera

Question 13

For special fn
Folliar / ,arise
Eg
Sucking/ roots enter
Eg

Answer 13

Epiphyllous = arise from leaf
Eg bryophyllum
Haustorial / parasitic = in host plant to absorb nutrition from host
Cuscuta

Question 14

Root cap , structure
Fn
Region of meristematic activity
Location
Cell of this region
Divide

Answer 14

The root is covered by apex by a thimble like structure
Protects the tender apex of root as it makes its way through soil
Few mm above the root cap
Very small , thin walled , dense protoplasm
Repeatedly

Question 15

Region of elongation proximal to
Cells undergo
Responsible

Answer 15

Meristematic activities
Rapid elongation and enlargement
For growth of root in length

Question 16

Region of maturation
Proximal to
Cells gradually
Root hair
Fn

Answer 16

Region of elongation
Differentiates and mature
From this region some of epidermal cells from very fine and delicate,thread like ,unicellular structure
Absorbs water and minerals from soil

Question 17

Stem develops from
Bears ( which differ from root)
Shows
Generally colours

Answer 17

Plumule of embryo of germainating seed
Nodes and internodes
Negatively Geotropic growth
Green when young
Later often became woody and dark brown

Question 18

Nodes
Internode
Stem is ________ part of axis ,bearing
Stem also bears,(type)

Answer 18

Region of stem where leaves are born
Portion b/w woody and dark brown
Ascending, branches ,leaves,flowers,fruit
Buds which may be terminal or axial

Question 19

Axial bud grow
Terminal bud fn
Stem main fn
2 fn

Answer 19

Branches
Growth
Spreading out branches bearing leaves,flowers,fruits
Conducts water , mineral,photosynthates ( food)

Question 20

Stem 3 fn

Answer 20

Storage of foo
Support
Protection
Vegetative propagation

Question 21

Modification of stem ( type , subtype)

Answer 21

A)underground
Tuber,Rhizome,corm,bulb
B)aerial
i.stem thorn,stem tendrils,phylloclade
C) sub aerial
Runner,stolon,sucker,offset

Question 22

Underground Generally
Tuber __… becomes swollen
Axillary bud are , covered, eg
Rhizome ,it is ____ stem which grows _____ in soil
Nodes internode covered

Answer 22

For food storage , vegetative propagation
Tips of branches
Eyes , covered with scaly leaf eg potato
Fleshy,horizontally in soils
By scaly leaves eg ginger , turmeric,banana

Question 23

Modification of stem, corm
______ structure which grows _____ under soil surface
Eg
Periderm
Bulb stem is , like , surrounded
Roots arise from, eg , ________ store food
Organ of perennation eg
Act as

Answer 23

Condensed structure which grows vertically
Colocasia,,zaminkand ( amorphophallous ),colchicum
Peel of potato
Highly reduced, disc like and surrounded by numerous fleshy leaves
Base eg onion , garlic , fleshy leaves
Underground stem of potato , ginger m turmeric, colocasia, zaminkhad
Organ to tide over conditions unfavourable for growth

Question 24

Aerial modification of stem
Stem tendrils ____ forms tendrils in place of _____
Help
Eg
Stem thorn .thorn develop from
Thorn protects from. It is a _______^______ structure
Eg

Answer 24

Axillary bud,branches
In climbing , which have weak stem
Eg grapes / grapevines, gourds ( cucumber,pumpkin,watermelon)
From Axillary bud,leaves & flowers
Browsing animals , woody pointed structure
Eg Bougainville,citrus

Question 25

Aerial modification
Phylloclade stem modified into
__________ structure,carries
Leaves modified into

Answer 25

Fleshy flat eg opuntia
Fleshy cylindrical eg Euphorbia
Green leaf like , carries out photosynthesis
Spines

Question 26

Sub aerial modification of stem runner
Roots develop
Leaves
______ stem spread to
When older
Eg

Answer 26

At lower side
At upper side
Partially underground stem , to new niches ,
Parts die new plants are formed
Doob grass ( cynodon dactylon) , oxalis,strawberries ( fragaria ananassa)

Question 27

Sub aerial modification of stem stolon
A __________ branch arises from
After growing for some time eg
Offset branch with short , bearing ( leave,root)
Found

Answer 27

Lateral,from base of main axis
Arch downward to touch the ground jasmine ,peppermint
Internodes, each node bearing a rosette of leaves,tuff of roots
In aquatic plants eg pistia, Eichhornia
Aquatic runners

Question 28

Sub aerial modification of stem sucker
Lateral branch originate from
Underground stem grow,and then come
Eg

Answer 28

Basal
Horizontally beneath soil , come out obliquely upward giving rise to leafy shoots
Eg mint,pineapple,chrysanthemum,banana

Question 29

Leaves develop from
Main fn
____ found in axis of leaves , may develop into
Originate from , arranged
Is a _______ outgrowth of _________ developed ______ at node

Answer 29

Nodes
Carry out photosynthesis
Axillary, may develop into branch
Shoot apical meristem , in acropetal order
Lateral , stem,exogenously

Question 30

Parts of leaf

Answer 30

Leaf base
Petiole
Lamina / leaf blade

Question 31

Leaf base =
In ______ the leaf base expands into
Polvinus
Petiole
Present then , absent then

Answer 31

The part of leaf which is attached to stem
Monocots , into sheath covering stem partially or wholly
In some leguminous plant the leaf base may become swollen
The part of leaf connecting the Lamina with branch / stem
Petiolate leaves , sessile

Question 32

Petiole helps
What allows cooling the leaf and bringing fresh air to leaf surface
Lamina / =
Midrib

Answer 32

Hold the blade to light
Long thin flexible petiole allows leaf blades to flutter in wind
Leaf blade = green extended part of leaf with veins and vein let
Middle prominent vein

Question 33

Vein provides , acts as
What varies of lamina in different leaves
Main fn of lamina
Stipules,
With eg without

Answer 33

Rigidity to leaf blade , channels of transport for water,minerals,food minerals
The shape,margin,apex,surface , extent of incision
Photosynthesis,gaseous exchange,transpiration
Leaves of some plants have two lateral appendages on either side of leaf base
Stipulate eg Fabaceae ,ex stipulated = solanacea ,liliceae

Question 34

Venation
Reticulate veination , leaf’s of
Exception
Parallel veination , leaf of
Exception

Answer 34

The arrangement of veins and vein lets in leaf lamina
Veinlet from network, of dicot
Calophyllum ( parallel)
Veins run parallel , Monocotyledonae
Smilax ( reticulate

Question 35

Types of leaf
Simple leaf
Eg
Compound leaf
Types

Answer 35

It’s lamin is entire or maybe incised to any depth but not up to midrib or petiole
Peepal,mango,radish
Lamina is incised up to midrib or petiole, thus dividing it into several small part, leaflets
Pinnetly eg neem
Palmately eg silk cotton

Question 36

Pinnately compound leaves =
Leaflets present on,eg
Palmately compound leaf
All leaflets attached to , rachis
Eg

Answer 36

Leaf blade is incised up to mid rib known as rachis
No of leaflets present on common axis rachis eg neem
Lamina directed from leaf margins to apex of petiole
To common point i,e at tip of petiole , absent
Silkworm

Question 37

Leaf leaflet difference
Phyllotaxy
Alternate
eg
Opposite
Eg
Whorled eg

Answer 37

A bud is present in axial but not in axil of leaflet
Pattern of Arrangement of leaves on stem
A single leaf arises at each node in alternate manner
Eg mustard,chinarose , sunflower
A pair of leaves arise at each node and lie opposite to each other
Eg guava , calotropis , ocimum
More than 2 leaves arise at each node form a whorl,eg alstonia

Question 38

Modification of leaves (type , eg)

Answer 38

Leaf tendril= peas
Leaf spine = opuntia ( cacti)
Leaf pitcher = nepenthes ( pitcher plant )
Leaf bladder = utricularia ( bladder wort )
Phyllode = Australian acacia
Leaflet tendrils = garden pea , sweet pea
Fleshy leaves =onion, garlic

Question 39

Leaf tendrils, leaf is modified ,help
Eg
Leaflets tendrils ______modified into,help
Eg
Leaf spines , leaves modified in ,provide , prevent

Answer 39

Into a wire like structure, help in climbing
Eg lathyrus aphaca ( peas)
Leaflet into tendrils , climbing
Eg pisum sativum ( garden pea),lathyrus odoratus ( sweet pea)
Into pointed spines , protection , rate of transpiration
Eg opuntia ( cacti),euphorbia

Question 40

Inflorescence
Type basis
Types

Answer 40

Arrangements of flowers on floral axis
Whether apex gets developed into flower or continues to grow
Race most cymose

Question 41

Racemose position of flowers
Growth of floral axis /,
Peduncle = flower
Arrangement of flowers
Types

Answer 41

Lateral
Main axis / peduncle = unlimited
Doesn’t terminate into flower
Acropetal = younger flower towards apex and older flower towards base of floral axis
Raceme
Spike
Catkin
Spadix
Capitulum / racemose head

Question 42

Cymose position of flower
Growth of peduncle
Floral axis = flower
Arrangement of flowers
Eg

Answer 42

Terminal
Limited
Terminates Ina flower
Basipetal = the mature flower on tip,new flower on basal part
Solanum