Romanticism to Modernism Flashcards
1
Q
The time period of Romanticism to modernism
A
1700 - now
2
Q
Early Modern Period (late Renaissance)
A
1500 - 1700
3
Q
Late Modern Period (French/Industrial Revolution)
A
1750 -1945
4
Q
Contemporary
A
1945 - now
5
Q
Pre Revolution
A
- King Louis XVI
- Limited freedom
- Large class divide
6
Q
What did the large class divide cause?
A
It constrained art and literature
7
Q
French Revolution Causes:
A
- Absolute Monarchy (divine right)
- Estate system
- Economic injustice (unequal tax burden)
- Bad luck
8
Q
The Estate system consists of what?
A
Clergy= 0.5%, Nobility= 1.5%, Everybody else= 98%
9
Q
What was the Bad Luck?
A
Inflation, poor harvest, and increase in living cost
10
Q
Causes Continue:
A
- Enlightenment
- Increased literacy
- Other revolutions
11
Q
What were some of the causes of the enlightenment?
A
- Reaction to absolute monarchy
- People sought liberty, equality, and separation of church and state
12
Q
The American Revolution (1776)
A
- Against tyrannical British rule
- French revolution 1789
- French people sought revolt
13
Q
The French Revolution was?
A
Catalyst for Global Change
14
Q
The French Revolution (July 14, 1789) provided a reimagining of social structure across the globe:
A
- Many saw FR as a positive/serious opportunity for reflection - democratic idealists (Paine, Burke)
- EXAMPLES: Chile, Mexico, Peru, Colombia, Haiti, etc.
15
Q
How did the French Revolution end?
A
- It ended with the ascent of Napoleon Bonaparte
16
Q
Napoleon shot to power ____ Revolution, one of the greatest _____ in history.
A
during/after, conquerors
17
Q
What did Napoleon do?
A
- Redesigned the political/social landscape
- Declared his own military dictatorship
- Named himself Emporer of France
- Social transformation: will of the people, power of the individual, and lead Napoleonic wars (1803-1815)
18
Q
How was Napoleon defeated?
A
Treaty of Paris 1814- the first abdication
Treaty of Paris 1815 - second and final abdication
19
Q
What was Napoleon’s final battle?
A
Battle of Waterloo, he was defeated by British and Prussian soldiers.
20
Q
While France was at war what was happening?
A
The industrial revolution was underway in Britain
21
Q
The wars caused the French to do what?
A
Fall behind their British counterparts in terms of industrialization.
22
Q
What does Laissez-Faire mean?
A
“allow to do”
23
Q
Laissez-Faire was what?
A
An attempt to catch up to Britain’s industrialism
24
Q
How did France try to catch up to Britain?
A
- Let the people/businesses do as they please with no interference from the government (hands-off approach)
25
Opposes legislation and government oversight:
Minimum wage, trade restrictions, and corporate taxes, taxes= penalty for production
26
What did Laissez-Faire promote?
Competition (eventual problem with monopolies as competitors merge and competition decreases)
27
What was the result of Laissez-Faire?
- Rich grow richer
- Poor suffered
- Children used as "beasts of burden"
- Mass production and urbanization (increase commerce/competition)
28
Meanwhile in England what is happening?
Britain is witnessing a mass increase in:
- Military(x6, from 16,000 to 140,000)
- Population(increased 5 times)
- Police = Bobbies
- Increased railroads/transportation
29
Where was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution? And why?
Britain:
- High number of textiles(cotton)
-Factories could meet the demands of more people and abroad(America)
- Iron and Steel expansion
30
Who invented the steam engine?
James Watt 1778
31
Why was the steam engine important?
Reliable and able to power large machines
32
The unit of power (the Watt) was named after who?
James Watt
33
Urbanization and Mechanization did what?
Handcrafted goods were replaced with machines
34
Factories + mass production =?
Urbanization
35
What did Urbanization cause?
- Pollution, poor sanitation, limited clean water
- Poor working conditions
36
Poor working conditions=
- Luddites = violent resistance to textile
- Child labor
- Unsafe conditions
- Unions
37
The Industrial Revolution helped devople what?
Romanticism/Romantic Movement
38
What did intellectuals/artists consider industrialism as?
inhumane and unnatural (they revolted)
39
The industrial Revolution creates its own what?
foil
40
What is Romanticism?
- Emphasized nature over industry = idolized rural life)
- Against = the isolation from nature, mechanization, and lack of feelings
- Hated sprawling cities, pollution, and mass production (IR)
41
What was the most important event that led to the Romantic period (1789-1830)?
The French Revolution
42
Romanticism defined, what is the first thing?
The loving or potentially loving relationships between people
43
Romanticism defined, what is the second thing?
A way of looking at the world that looks beyond, or ignores, the world as it is and perceives a visionary (hopeful) world.
44
What is the first definition of Romanticism?
Youth/Primitivism
* A fascination with youth and innocence Child is the father of man
* Goodness and value in the unspoiled
The “uncivilized” were held in high esteem
* We (adults) can learn from children
* Innocence vs. Experience
45
What is the second definition of Romanticism?
Self/Individual
* Stressed the importance of the individual
* Subjectivity over reason and rebellion over tradition
- Question tradition and authority
* Just because it has been this way for years does mean it has to be or that it’s right
- Vitally optimistic about life, patriots and passionate revolutionaries, had little hope in winning by fighting anyway
46
What is the third definition of Romanticism?
Idealization of Nature
* Fascination/ importance of nature
- Is not harmonious, it is alive changing and filled with divinity
- We are a part of nature, not separate
* Emphasis on its wildness
* Nature is the pathway to spiritual and moral development
47
What is the fourth definition of Romanticism?
Gothicism/Supernatural
* Preoccupied with death, the mysterious, the dark, the grotesque, and with horror
* These differences/changes are natural and good- they mimic the “aliveness” of nature
* Proof that there were things humans could never know--directly contrasting rationalists who believed in science and reason
48
What were the 6 things about the Romantics?
1. Turned away from reason - stressed the imagination
2. Thought poetry should come from personal experience and emotion
3. Adopted a democratic attitude - “A man speaking to men”
4. Turned to the past or inner dream world as inspiration
5. Believed in individual liberty and sympathized with those who rebelled against tyranny
6. Nature and the human mind are mirrors - creative properties
49
Novel Firsts:
- Gothic novel – The Castle of Otranto by Horace Walpole
- Historical novel – Waverly by Sir Walter Scott
- Science Fiction – Frankenstein by Mary Shelley
50
What were the individual responses of poets?
- Blake bitterly attacked social, political, and spiritual abuses.
- Wordsworth nostalgic & democratic.
- Shelley's poetry consistently revolutionary.
51
Who were the famous Romantics?
William Blake, William Wordsworth, Percy Bysshe Shelly, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, George Gordon Byron(Lord Byron), John Keats
52
Romantic poetry was marked by what?
- Great Innovation
- Sought poetic forms beyond the 18th-century heroic couplet
- Romantic sonnet, ode, ballad, and others.
- Blake invents his own form.
53
What two poems did Blake write?
"The Lamb" and "The Tyger"
54
When was Modernism?
Late 19th- Mid 20th (1890-1940)
55
How did Modernism come to be?
* Grew out of the philosophical, scientific, political, and ideological shifts that followed Industrial Revolution up to WWI and its aftermath.
* Modernists felt alienated and incompatible with old optimism, morality, and convention like we see in the romantic period.
56
What were the Modes of Thinking?
* Rejected the certainty of the Enlightenment and the idea of an all-powerful Creator
* Evolution from Romanticism, which rejected the Enlightenment's faith in reason.
* Modernists re-evaluated their predecessors by changing the constraints of language and coherence
57
Romantics vs. Modernists
Romantics:
1. Idealized love
2. Pastoral settings
3. Hopeful
4. Highly accessible
5. Linear plot/3rd person narrator
Modernists:
1. Realities of war
2. Urban setting
3. Realism
4. Non-linear plot/ stream-of-consciousness
5. Limited accessibility to readers (dense allusions free form experiments--borderline incomprehensible
58
Modernists put little stock in the supernatural or all-powerful, instead, they focused on what?
The power of the person
59
Romantic heroes:
praise the common man for the greater good
60
Modernist heroes:
antihero who struggles to make something of himself
61
Romantics = what?
natural world, emotion/feeling
62
Modernists = what?
machinery, weapons, industry shape/change society (usually negatively)
63
William Wordsworth
"The Prelude"
Lyrical Ballads + Coleridge
A founder of Romanticism
64
Percy Bysshe Shelly
"Ozymandias"
"Ode to the West Wind"
65
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
A founder of Romanticism
"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner"
66
George Gordon Byron - Lord Byron
Heroic couplets
Satire
"Don Juan"
67
John Keats
"Ode to the Grecian Urn"
One of the greatest lyrics
68
Virginia Wolf (modernist)
"Mrs. Dalloway"
"To the Lighthouse"
69
Franz Kafka (modernist)
"The Metamorphasis"
70
Williams Carlos Williams (modernist)
"The Red Wheelbarrow"
71
Gertrude Stein (modernist)
"The making of Americans"
72
Ezra Pound (modernist)
"In a Station in a Metro"
73
Joseph Conrad (modernist)
"Heart of Darkness"
74
T.S. Elliot (modernist)
"The Wasteland"
- reaction to WWI
75
George Orwell
Wrote 1984
76
When was 1984 written
close of WWII (1945) and used the war as a warning to the public/his readers.
77
Orwell as modernist
- Clear alienation
- Setting is urban
- Total bureaucratic control
- No pastoral beauty
78
Where did Orwell gather his inspiration?
from the states that existed under complete tyranny (an iron curtain, so to speak-- think Soviet Union or Germany)
