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English IV > Romanticism to Modernism > Flashcards

Romanticism to Modernism Flashcards

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1
Q

The time period of Romanticism to modernism

A

1700 - now

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2
Q

Early Modern Period (late Renaissance)

A

1500 - 1700

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3
Q

Late Modern Period (French/Industrial Revolution)

A

1750 -1945

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4
Q

Contemporary

A

1945 - now

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5
Q

Pre Revolution

A
  • King Louis XVI
  • Limited freedom
  • Large class divide
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6
Q

What did the large class divide cause?

A

It constrained art and literature

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7
Q

French Revolution Causes:

A
  • Absolute Monarchy (divine right)
  • Estate system
  • Economic injustice (unequal tax burden)
  • Bad luck
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8
Q

The Estate system consists of what?

A

Clergy= 0.5%, Nobility= 1.5%, Everybody else= 98%

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9
Q

What was the Bad Luck?

A

Inflation, poor harvest, and increase in living cost

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10
Q

Causes Continue:

A
  • Enlightenment
  • Increased literacy
  • Other revolutions
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11
Q

What were some of the causes of the enlightenment?

A
  • Reaction to absolute monarchy
  • People sought liberty, equality, and separation of church and state
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12
Q

The American Revolution (1776)

A
  • Against tyrannical British rule
  • French revolution 1789
  • French people sought revolt
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13
Q

The French Revolution was?

A

Catalyst for Global Change

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14
Q

The French Revolution (July 14, 1789) provided a reimagining of social structure across the globe:

A
  • Many saw FR as a positive/serious opportunity for reflection - democratic idealists (Paine, Burke)
  • EXAMPLES: Chile, Mexico, Peru, Colombia, Haiti, etc.
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15
Q

How did the French Revolution end?

A
  • It ended with the ascent of Napoleon Bonaparte
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16
Q

Napoleon shot to power ____ Revolution, one of the greatest _____ in history.

A

during/after, conquerors

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17
Q

What did Napoleon do?

A
  • Redesigned the political/social landscape
  • Declared his own military dictatorship
  • Named himself Emporer of France
  • Social transformation: will of the people, power of the individual, and lead Napoleonic wars (1803-1815)
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18
Q

How was Napoleon defeated?

A

Treaty of Paris 1814- the first abdication
Treaty of Paris 1815 - second and final abdication

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19
Q

What was Napoleon’s final battle?

A

Battle of Waterloo, he was defeated by British and Prussian soldiers.

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20
Q

While France was at war what was happening?

A

The industrial revolution was underway in Britain

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21
Q

The wars caused the French to do what?

A

Fall behind their British counterparts in terms of industrialization.

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22
Q

What does Laissez-Faire mean?

A

“allow to do”

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23
Q

Laissez-Faire was what?

A

An attempt to catch up to Britain’s industrialism

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24
Q

How did France try to catch up to Britain?

A
  • Let the people/businesses do as they please with no interference from the government (hands-off approach)
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25
Q

Opposes legislation and government oversight:

A

Minimum wage, trade restrictions, and corporate taxes, taxes= penalty for production

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26
Q

What did Laissez-Faire promote?

A

Competition (eventual problem with monopolies as competitors merge and competition decreases)

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27
Q

What was the result of Laissez-Faire?

A
  • Rich grow richer
  • Poor suffered
  • Children used as “beasts of burden”
  • Mass production and urbanization (increase commerce/competition)
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28
Q

Meanwhile in England what is happening?

A

Britain is witnessing a mass increase in:
- Military(x6, from 16,000 to 140,000)
- Population(increased 5 times)
- Police = Bobbies
- Increased railroads/transportation

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29
Q

Where was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution? And why?

A

Britain:
- High number of textiles(cotton)
-Factories could meet the demands of more people and abroad(America)
- Iron and Steel expansion

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30
Q

Who invented the steam engine?

A

James Watt 1778

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31
Q

Why was the steam engine important?

A

Reliable and able to power large machines

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32
Q

The unit of power (the Watt) was named after who?

A

James Watt

33
Q

Urbanization and Mechanization did what?

A

Handcrafted goods were replaced with machines

34
Q

Factories + mass production =?

A

Urbanization

35
Q

What did Urbanization cause?

A
  • Pollution, poor sanitation, limited clean water
  • Poor working conditions
36
Q

Poor working conditions=

A
  • Luddites = violent resistance to textile
  • Child labor
  • Unsafe conditions
  • Unions
37
Q

The Industrial Revolution helped devople what?

A

Romanticism/Romantic Movement

38
Q

What did intellectuals/artists consider industrialism as?

A

inhumane and unnatural (they revolted)

39
Q

The industrial Revolution creates its own what?

A

foil

40
Q

What is Romanticism?

A
  • Emphasized nature over industry = idolized rural life)
  • Against = the isolation from nature, mechanization, and lack of feelings
  • Hated sprawling cities, pollution, and mass production (IR)
41
Q

What was the most important event that led to the Romantic period (1789-1830)?

A

The French Revolution

42
Q

Romanticism defined, what is the first thing?

A

The loving or potentially loving relationships between people

43
Q

Romanticism defined, what is the second thing?

A

A way of looking at the world that looks beyond, or ignores, the world as it is and perceives a visionary (hopeful) world.

44
Q

What is the first definition of Romanticism?

A

Youth/Primitivism
* A fascination with youth and innocence Child is the father of man
* Goodness and value in the unspoiled
The “uncivilized” were held in high esteem
* We (adults) can learn from children
* Innocence vs. Experience

45
Q

What is the second definition of Romanticism?

A

Self/Individual
* Stressed the importance of the individual
* Subjectivity over reason and rebellion over tradition
- Question tradition and authority
* Just because it has been this way for years does mean it has to be or that it’s right
- Vitally optimistic about life, patriots and passionate revolutionaries, had little hope in winning by fighting anyway

46
Q

What is the third definition of Romanticism?

A

Idealization of Nature
* Fascination/ importance of nature
- Is not harmonious, it is alive changing and filled with divinity
- We are a part of nature, not separate
* Emphasis on its wildness
* Nature is the pathway to spiritual and moral development

47
Q

What is the fourth definition of Romanticism?

A

Gothicism/Supernatural
* Preoccupied with death, the mysterious, the dark, the grotesque, and with horror
* These differences/changes are natural and good- they mimic the “aliveness” of nature
* Proof that there were things humans could never know–directly contrasting rationalists who believed in science and reason

48
Q

What were the 6 things about the Romantics?

A
  1. Turned away from reason - stressed the imagination
  2. Thought poetry should come from personal experience and emotion
  3. Adopted a democratic attitude - “A man speaking to men”
  4. Turned to the past or inner dream world as inspiration
  5. Believed in individual liberty and sympathized with those who rebelled against tyranny
  6. Nature and the human mind are mirrors - creative properties
49
Q

Novel Firsts:

A
  • Gothic novel – The Castle of Otranto by Horace Walpole
  • Historical novel – Waverly by Sir Walter Scott
  • Science Fiction – Frankenstein by Mary Shelley
50
Q

What were the individual responses of poets?

A
  • Blake bitterly attacked social, political, and spiritual abuses.
  • Wordsworth nostalgic & democratic.
  • Shelley’s poetry consistently revolutionary.
51
Q

Who were the famous Romantics?

A

William Blake, William Wordsworth, Percy Bysshe Shelly, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, George Gordon Byron(Lord Byron), John Keats

52
Q

Romantic poetry was marked by what?

A
  • Great Innovation
  • Sought poetic forms beyond the 18th-century heroic couplet
  • Romantic sonnet, ode, ballad, and others.
  • Blake invents his own form.
53
Q

What two poems did Blake write?

A

“The Lamb” and “The Tyger”

54
Q

When was Modernism?

A

Late 19th- Mid 20th (1890-1940)

55
Q

How did Modernism come to be?

A
  • Grew out of the philosophical, scientific, political, and ideological shifts that followed Industrial Revolution up to WWI and its aftermath.
  • Modernists felt alienated and incompatible with old optimism, morality, and convention like we see in the romantic period.
56
Q

What were the Modes of Thinking?

A
  • Rejected the certainty of the Enlightenment and the idea of an all-powerful Creator
  • Evolution from Romanticism, which rejected the Enlightenment’s faith in reason.
  • Modernists re-evaluated their predecessors by changing the constraints of language and coherence
57
Q

Romantics vs. Modernists

A

Romantics:
1. Idealized love
2. Pastoral settings
3. Hopeful
4. Highly accessible
5. Linear plot/3rd person narrator

Modernists:
1. Realities of war
2. Urban setting
3. Realism
4. Non-linear plot/ stream-of-consciousness
5. Limited accessibility to readers (dense allusions free form experiments–borderline incomprehensible

58
Q

Modernists put little stock in the supernatural or all-powerful, instead, they focused on what?

A

The power of the person

59
Q

Romantic heroes:

A

praise the common man for the greater good

60
Q

Modernist heroes:

A

antihero who struggles to make something of himself

61
Q

Romantics = what?

A

natural world, emotion/feeling

62
Q

Modernists = what?

A

machinery, weapons, industry shape/change society (usually negatively)

63
Q

William Wordsworth

A

“The Prelude”
Lyrical Ballads + Coleridge
A founder of Romanticism

64
Q

Percy Bysshe Shelly

A

“Ozymandias”
“Ode to the West Wind”

65
Q

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

A

A founder of Romanticism
“The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”

66
Q

George Gordon Byron - Lord Byron

A

Heroic couplets
Satire
“Don Juan”

67
Q

John Keats

A

“Ode to the Grecian Urn”
One of the greatest lyrics

68
Q

Virginia Wolf (modernist)

A

“Mrs. Dalloway”
“To the Lighthouse”

69
Q

Franz Kafka (modernist)

A

“The Metamorphasis”

70
Q

Williams Carlos Williams (modernist)

A

“The Red Wheelbarrow”

71
Q

Gertrude Stein (modernist)

A

“The making of Americans”

72
Q

Ezra Pound (modernist)

A

“In a Station in a Metro”

73
Q

Joseph Conrad (modernist)

A

“Heart of Darkness”

74
Q

T.S. Elliot (modernist)

A

“The Wasteland”
- reaction to WWI

75
Q

George Orwell

A

Wrote 1984

76
Q

When was 1984 written

A

close of WWII (1945) and used the war as a warning to the public/his readers.

77
Q

Orwell as modernist

A
  • Clear alienation
  • Setting is urban
  • Total bureaucratic control
  • No pastoral beauty
78
Q

Where did Orwell gather his inspiration?

A

from the states that existed under complete tyranny (an iron curtain, so to speak– think Soviet Union or Germany)

English IV (4 decks)

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