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Survey British > Romanticism > Flashcards

Romanticism Flashcards

1
Q

Romaticism time

A

Approximately 1785-1850

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2
Q

Romanticism Characteristics

A

• Turn away from Enlightenment’s focus on rationality and classicist aesthetics
• Interest in the unusual and irregular
• Emphasis on emotions, the irrational, the uncanny
• Focus on the individual and its experience
• Belief in special ‘prophet-like’ nature of poet
• Nature becomes a central idea

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3
Q

Romanticism Europe

A

Pan-European (e.g. Sturm und Drang)

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4
Q

Historical Background Romanticism

A

The French Revolution
• Storm of the Bastille
• Reign of Terror
• Napoleonic Wars

—> highlighted the Power of the masses
—> demonstrated the potential for mass change in society

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5
Q

Industrial Revolution

A

• Change mostly agricultural society to industrial society
• New poor working class
• Luddites à rebellion against mechanical looms (capital punishment for destroying one)
• Peterloo Massacre (1819)àShelley, “England in 1819”

• introduced new technologies to industries(including literature)
• made literature more accessible to lower classes
• poor working conditions led to feelings of discontent in society (reflected in the literature of the time)

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6
Q

The Beautiful

A

• well-formed and aesthetically pleasing
• love
• harmony, smoothness, delicacy
• calmness
• Neo-classical

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7
Q

The Sublime

A

• has the power to compel and destroy
• fear
• vastness, infinity, magnificence
• tension
• Romantic

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8
Q

The Picturesque

A

• “like a picture”
• Rustic
• Variety of landscape and colours
• Appreciation of ‘untouched’ nature

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9
Q

Romantic poets first-generation (names)

A

• William Blake
• William Wordsworth
• Samuel Taylor Coleridge

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10
Q

Romantic poets second-generation (names)

A

• John Keats
• George Gordon Byron
• Percy Bysshe Shelley

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11
Q

Romantic poets First Generation

A

• Influenced by French Revolution
• Sympathies with revolutionary ideas, but later disillusionment
• Turn to nature
• Interest in folk poetry and songs
(Wordsworth/Coleridge, Lyrical Ballads)
• Lake Poets (àLake District; Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey)

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12
Q

Romanticism poets Second Generation

A

• Felt that the First Generation had ‘sold out’
• Anti-establishment
• Not conforming to society’s rules
• ‘Immoral’ and excessive lifestyle
• Interest in ‘darker’ topics (Gothic)

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13
Q

William Blake

A

• Poet, painter, visionary and printmaker

Major Works:

• Illustrations (engravings):

• Illuminated Books:
- Milton
- Songs of Innocence and Experience

• Visionary Texts
- The Marriage of Heaven and He’ll
- The Book of Urizen

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14
Q

Blake, Songs of Innocence and Experience

A

• Combination of text and illustrations
• Songs of Innocence: 19 poems; Songs of Experience: 26 poems
• Simple lyrical form
• Harsh criticism of child labour, slavery, oppression, negative influence of the Church
• Dark themes

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15
Q

William Wordsworth

A

• Born in the Lake District —> Lake Poets (Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey)
• Initial admiration of the French Revolution; increasingly apolitical —> nature as healing force; source poetry; strong connection between poet and nature

• Major works:
- The Prelude
- Lyrical Ballads (together with Coleridge)
• Poems in two Volumes “
- ”I Wandered lonely as a Cloud” (“Daffodils”)
- “Composed upon Westminster Bridge,1802”
- “Ode to Immortality”

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16
Q

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

A

• Strong interest in philosophy and utopian ideas (Pantisocracy; together with Robert Southey)
• Introspection, dreams (—> opium abuse)

• Major works:
- “Rime of the Ancient Mariner”
- “Frost at Midnight”
- “Kubla Khan”
- “Christabel”

17
Q

Lyrical ballads

A

• Most poems by Wordsworth, only four by Coleridge
• Preface —> manifesto of Romantic poetry

18
Q

Neoclassical poetry

A

• Poetic diction; different from everyday speech

• Elevated and intellectual subject matter
• Depiction of allegorical figures, deities, etc.
• Focus on order, moderation and rationality
• Focus on form (heroic couplet)

19
Q

Preface to Lyrical Ballads (W. +C.)

A

• write like real people spoke
• write about everyday subject matter (—> depiction of children, farmers, poor people, mad people, etc.)
• Focus on feelings and emotions
• Freer form

20
Q

Preface to Lyrical Ballads: What is a poet?

A

• sensible
• enthusiasm and tenderness
• greater knowledge of human nature
• comprehensive soul
• rejoices in the spirit of life
• ability of conjuring up in himself passions

21
Q

Lyrical ballads: How is poetry created?

A

• “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings”
• “emotions recollected in tranquility”
• initial subject/emotion is recreated in poet’s mind
• “a state of enjoyment”
• reader experiences a “complex feeling of delight”

22
Q

Romantic poets: Second Generation

A

• Felt that the First Generation had ‘sold out’
• Anti-establishment
• Not conforming to society’s rules
• ‘Immoral’ and excessive lifestyle
• Interest in ‘darker’ topics (Gothic)

23
Q

Percy Bysshe Shelley

A

• Husband of Mary Godwin Shelley
• Son-in-law of William Godwin and Mary Wollstonecraft
• Unconventional and scandalous private life
• Close friendship with Byron
• Drowns
• Political/politically inspired writing —>Masque of Anarchy, The Revolt of Islam

Works:

• Prometheus Unbound (lyrical drama)
• Defence of Poetry (essay)
• Adonais (elegy for Keats)
• Ozymandias

24
Q

Ozymandias

A

• Sonnet; rhyme scheme: ABAB CDCE EFEF
• Ozymandias: variation of the Greek throne name of Ramesses II

25
Q

John Keats

A

• Humble background
• Apprentice to an apothecary, studies medicine
• Championed by Leigh Hunt (“Cockney School”)
• Dies of tuberculosis
• Major works:
• Poems
• Endymion
• “Ode on a Grecian Urn”
• “Ode to a Nightingale”
• “La Belle Dame Sans Merci”
• “On Autumn”
• Lamia, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, and Other Poems

26
Q

Negative Capability

A

when a man is capable of being in uncertainties, mysteries, doubts, without any irritable reaching after fact and reason

27
Q

“Ode to a Grecian Urn”

A

• Form: 5 stanzas; quartet (abab) + sestet; iambic pentameter
• Ekphrasis
• Themes: Past/Time/Eternity, Art, Desire/Fulfilment

28
Q

George Gordon Byron

A

• Close friendship with the Shelley’s
• Father of Ada Lovelace
• Scandalous life style

29
Q

Caroline Lamb

A

“Mad, bad and dangerous to know.” (Caroline Lamb on Byron)

30
Q

Byron’s Death

A

• War of Greek Independence against the Ottoman Empire
• Financial support for the cause
• Died of violent fever in Missolonghi
• ‘Byron’ still a popular name in Greece
• Town of Vyronas named after him

31
Q

Romantic Poetry

A

• Use of everday speech for the period
• About the common siutations and incidents in everyday life
• Depiction of the lives of real people, e.g. children, farmers, etc.
• Focus on feelings and internal passions
• Freer form

32
Q

Second Poets Generation namens

A

• John Keats
• George Gordon
• Byron Percy Bysshe Shelley

Survey British (10 decks)

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