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Peepz and Cultz > Romans > Flashcards

Romans Flashcards

1
Q

Kings, Republic and Empire

A
  • Seven Kings of Rome
  • Replaced by Republic led by two consuls
  • Rome’s power and influence spreading throughout Mediterranean
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2
Q

The Arras culture (4th – 2nd cent. BC)

A
  • Cemeteries, e.g. Danes Graves
  • Burials mounds in square enclosures
  • Use of chariots (elite)
  • Chariots dismantled
  • Crouched body
  • British-made goods
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3
Q

Trade between Britain and Gaul

A
  • 2nd cent. BC: gold coins introduced from Belgic Gaul
  • Gift exchange systems between leaders
  • British tribes began minting own coinage
  • After Gallic Wars, British coinage more complex, diverse, denominations
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4
Q

Invasions of Britain

A

• Caesar: 55 and 54 BC
– For prestige and propaganda
– Dubious success
• Claudius (AD 43)
– Growing power of tribal leaders in Britain
– Replace tribal leaders with loyal ‘client kings’

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5
Q

Britain: Iron Age kingdoms and Roman Civitates

A
  • Loyal rulers retained as client kings

* Immediate submission to Rome (Iceni, Brigantes, Atrebates)

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6
Q

Types of urban settlement in the provinces

A
  • Colonia: settlements for Citizens of Rome, esp. veteran soldiers (e.g. Colchester, then Gloucester, Lincoln)
  • Vicus: smaller urban settlements, developing from military presence?
  • Civitas capitals: centre of administration in each Civitas (e.g. Silchester/Atrebates)
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7
Q

Colchester

A
  • AD 43 to ~50
  • Legionary Fortress
  • AD 49 – 61: Colonia
  • Augusta
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8
Q

Vicus: Eboracum (York)

A
  • 1st cent: Roman legionary fortress

- 2nd cent: rapid urban growth

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9
Q

Civitas capital: Silchester

A
  • Regular street grid
  • Public administrative buildings
  • Public religious buildings
  • Public entertainment
  • Markets
  • Dense occupation: private houses
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10
Q

New settlements

A

Roman Civitas capitals often slightly shifted away from original location, e.g. Colchester, Dorchester

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11
Q

The archaeology of Roman rural landscapes

A 
Villas:
• Winged corridor
•Aisled
Low status nucleated settlements
Who was in it?
-‘Native’ Britons?
-Wealthy Romans?
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12
Q

What characterises a villa?

A 
• Stone built
• Rectangular
• Multiple rooms
• With wings or courtyard
• Rural
• Part of an estate?
What it isn’t:
• A town-house
• A ‘native’ hut or farmstead
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13
Q

Villas in Roman Italy

A
  • Luxury in countryside
  • Elite owned multiple villas
  • Agricultural role
  • Architecturally inspired by town houses
  • Atrium
  • Peristyle
  • Taking advantage of space and views
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14
Q

Wider context of the villa

A

-Iron working
-Slaughter-house
-Milling/bakery
Other buildings:
-Bath houses
-Threshing floors
-Kilns for corn drying

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15
Q

Architectural features

A
  • Single storey?
  • Slate or tiled roof
  • Tessellated or mosaic floors
  • Hypocausts
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16
Q

Opus signinum floors

A
  • Broken tiles, CBM, gravel, pottery mixed with mortar to cover floors and pavements
  • North African (Phoenician) technique
  • Largely replaced by tessellated floors by 2nd cent. AD
17
Q

Rudston Venus pavement

A 
• Northern workshop
• Venus and Triton
– Three hunters
– ‘Killing bull’
– ‘Flaming lion’
• Classical subjects
• ‘Local’ execution
• North Africa style?
18
Q

Pottery

A

Pottery in the Iron Age
– More rural areas: pottery rare
– Southern Britain – wheel-thrown wares, imported pottery. Limited distribution
– Regionalisation in pottery styles in south
– Pottery spreads after AD43.

19
Q

Roman pottery

A
  • Wheel-thrown wares
  • New vessel forms, e.g. mortaria
  • New fabrics and technologies – e.g. terra sigillata/colour-coating
  • Dining and cooking vessels
20
Q

Roman coarse wares

A 
• Black burnished ware 1 (BB1)
• Hand-made
• Grey/black, sand tempered
– BB1: 2nd – 4 th cent. Dorset with IA
origins
• Changing typology – rim, base size, latticing
• Jars, bowls, dishes
• Supplying army?
21
Q

Terra sigillata (Arretine ware/Samian Ware)

A
  • Mass production
  • Maker’s marks
  • Slipped (colour-coating – when slip different to internal fabric colour)
22
Q

Local colour-coated wares

A 
• Samian industry collapses in 3rd cent.
• Range of slipped table wares locally produced
– Oxfordshire
– Nene Valley
• Imitation of Gaulish potters
23
Q

Cosmetic grinders?

A
  • Over 600 known, only 4 outside of Britain
  • Mineral cosmetics?
  • Many contextually dated to 1st/2nd cent. AD
  • Celtic decoration
  • Two from possible LPRIA contexts
24
Q

Toilet sets (Chatelaine brooches): LIA to Roman

A
  • Tweezers
  • Ear scoops
  • Nail cleaners
  • Pre-disposition towards lower status sites
25
Q

Vindolanda (Hadrian’s Wall)

A 
• >250 tablets
• AD 80 – 130
• Written by soldiers and others
Letters:
Origins - Celtic, Gallic, Greek
Job roles and personnel
Administration
Supplies
-food
-military equipment
-clothing
-raw materials
Location of settlements
Communications between spouses, slaves
26
Q

Writing materials

A
  • Mostly South Gaulish samian

* Ink – burnt resin and gum arabic? Soot?

27
Q

Lead curse tablets

A

• Scratching into fine sheets of lead (tin, Cu)
• >130 tablets deposited in sacred spring in Bath
• Requesting intervention of Sulis Minerva
• Complaints of petty thefts, requesting justice
– Religion
– Literacy

28
Q

Roman state gods & the Imperial cult

A
  • Polytheism
  • Gods anthropomorphised
  • Super-human – not perfect!
  • Piety important…good moral behaviour less so
29
Q

What is The Imperial Cult?

A 
Eastern Empire:
• worship of living Emperors
Western Empire:
• deified late Emperors & families
• Encouraged by govt.
30
Q

Romano-Celtic temples

A

Inner and outer rectangles
Inner tower – windows, mosaics, paintings
Roofed portico

31
Q

Northwestern Provinces

A

What happened when ‘the Romans’ encountered native deities?
Interpretatio Romana = interpret native gods in terms of the functions and characteristics of Roman gods
Sulis Minerva
Sulis: celtic water goddess
Minerva: Roman goddess of wisdom

32
Q

Eastern ‘mystery’ cults

A

Mithras: Sprang from rock/tree or cosmic egg!!

-Killed bull for sake of humanity

33
Q

Military

A
  • Barates part of military community in Britain? (soldier or merchant?)
  • Military ethnically very diverse.
    e. g. Roman soldiers in Britain comprised many Gauls, Syrians, North Africans.
34
Q

Romanization and identity in RB

A 
Early Roman Britain:
• Diverse ‘natives’
• Diverse ‘Romans’
• Continuity – e.g Civitas capitals
• Change – material culture, layout of towns, architecture, public buildings …

Peepz and Cultz (9 decks)

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