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The fall of the Roman Republic > Roman Expansion > Flashcards

Roman Expansion Flashcards

1
Q

What time period is Phase 1?

A

509 - 390 BC

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2
Q

What causes phase 1 to begin?

A
  • In 509 BC the Romans depose the last of the Etruscans Kings
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3
Q

According to Levi (1.57-59) why do the Romans depose the Etruscan Kings? And how accurate is his account?

A
  • The Kings son Sextus Tarquinius forces a nobles man’s wife to sleep with him, the wife tells her husband, and the nobles overthrow the king for being a Tyrant. Making Rome a Republic.
  • Not very reliable because it seems unlikely to overthrow the king because his son slept with a noble man’s life. There was probably a conspiracy but not for Levi’s reasoning.
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4
Q

In what century did Rome start to expand?

A

6th BC

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5
Q

Who are The Latin League? And who was in the Latin League?

A
  • Made in 493 BC
  • They are made up of the surrounding cities of Roman that they conquered in the Latim plain.
    -Sabini, Aequi and Volsci.
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6
Q

What did the Latin League alliance state?

A
  1. Member cannot make war on each other.
  2. Can not call outside members to attack another member.
  3. Can not allow aggressors to pass through their territory.
  4. Mutual defense of other members
  5. Spoils divided equally
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7
Q

What was the benefit of the Latin League

A
  • The cities surrounding Rome could not attack them and also was a wall of defense for Rome.
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8
Q

What happened in 396 BC?

A
  • The war with Veii
  • Romans attacked the Etruscans to the North epically the city Veii.
  • The Romans won and forced Veii into the Latin League.
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9
Q

What happened at the war of Veii with the Plebs?

A
  • The plebs started to revolt and refused to do military campaigns as they would go into debt being at war and wanted better conditions.
    -Patricians introduced military pay.
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10
Q

What time period is phase 2?

A

390 BC- 338 BC

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11
Q

What cause phase 2 to begin?

A

The Gallic Invasion (Guals)

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12
Q

What did the Gauls do?

A
  • Rome was ultimately defeated by the Gauls and Rome was captured and occupied.
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13
Q

Why did the Gauls have to retreat? And what happened to Rome after that?

A
  • They were being invaded by the Veneti.
    -They made a treaty with Rome and the Romans bought back Rome.
  • This weakened the Roman Army and the cities within the Latin League started to rebel and take territories back.
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14
Q

How did Rome react to the Rebellions?

A
  • Built a lot of Fortifications around Rome.
  • Made a pact with Capua (plain of Campania, southern Italy) to help them against the war with the Samnites, in return they would be considered roman territory.
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15
Q

What happened to the Latin League in 338 BC

A
  • The Latin League dissolved.
  • Former cities declared war on Rome.
  • Rome reclaimed their cities and made individual pacts with them. allowing Rome to dictate how these cities were used.
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16
Q

What time period is Phase 3?

A

338 - 284 BC

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17
Q

What signifies the start of phase 3?

A
  • Dissolvement of The Latin League
  • Conflict between Rome and the Samnites
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18
Q

What was the Samnite Wars?

A

-Started in 337 BC
- They did not want to be conquered by Rome.
- The Samnites formed an alliance with the Gauls, Etruscans and the region of Umbria.

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19
Q

What tactics did the Samnites use during the war?

A
  • Because the Samnites mostly lived in mountain rages they used tactics such as ambushes and hidden run tactics which causes a lot of defeats for Rome especially in 321 BC
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20
Q

How did the Romans Respond to the Samnite war techniques?

A
  • They formed maniples (100 men), which are smaller versions of their military formations.
  • This allowed them to efficiently attack the Samnites.
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21
Q

What happened when the Samnites started to lose the War? What did it mean for Rome?

A
  • The Etruscans (north of Rome) joined the war.
  • This meant Rome was fighting on two fronts.
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22
Q

What happened with the war between the Romans, Etruscans and the Gauls

A
  • Roma defeated the Etruscans and Gauls in 284 BC
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23
Q

What happened in 304 BC

A
  • Rome won the war against the Samnites, making a treaty with them.
  • This meant Rome had control over central Italy.
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24
Q

Now that Roman had central Italy, what new creations was made for transport?

A
  • Roman Roads
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25
Q

What were the befits of Roman Roads?

A
  • Military purposes
  • City purposes
  • Drained water and collected water
  • Promoted all weather travel, for traders.
  • Easy access to all places.
  • Share of cultures, ideas, architect, agriculture etc.
  • Creation of new open land?
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26
Q

Why was new open land important to the plebs and the patricians?

A
  • Given lands as provided new wealth.
  • Roman people established outside of Rome
  • New communities created protection for Rome
  • Plebs had to pay more tax
  • Plebs busy with new lands did not have time to rebel against the Patricians.
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27
Q

How did the new alliance cities assist Rome?

A
  • Military Power
  • Each had to contribute a certain number of men.
  • Stopped these cities from rebelling because their men were away.
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28
Q

What time period was phase 4?

A

284 - 270 BC

29
Q

What started phase 4?

A
  • In 284 BC left over Samnite communities attack the Greek colonies.
  • Making the Greek colonies form into one leadership of Tarentum (former colony of Sparta)
30
Q

Who did the Tarentum’s make an alliance with?

A
  • A Tarentum ambassador went to Sparta and Epirus to form alliance against the southern Italian colonies.
31
Q

What happened in 285 BC?

A
  • Some Greek cities in southern Italy turned to Rome to help against the Samnites.
32
Q

What happened when these Greek cities made an alliace with Rome?

A
  • The Tarentines declared war on Rome, seeing it as a threat to their land.
33
Q

Who was Pyrrhus?

A
  • He was the King of Epirus and Macedon, a distant relative of Alexander the Great.
34
Q

Why was Pyrrhus important?

A
  • He supported the Greek colonies asking for help and came over to Italy to assist the Greeks with the war against the Romans in 281 BC.
35
Q

What was the Epirus military form called?

A
  • The Macedonian Phalanx
36
Q

What is the Macedonian Phalanx? And what weapon did they use?

A
  • Was made by one Syntagma of 16 files of 16 men (256) men.
  • They used a weapon called the Sarissa, a long spear 7.7 meters.
37
Q

What was different about Pyrrhus’ army compared to the Romans?

A
  • They had a professional army that had been trained to fight and paid by the state.
38
Q

What sort of infantry did Pyrrhus have?

A

-20’000 men
- 3’000 cavalry
- 20 war elephants

39
Q

What were the two battles fought against the Romans and Pyrrhus?

A

-Battle of Asculum 279 BC - Won
- Battle of Heraclea 280 BC - Lost

40
Q

What was the result of the Pyrrhus and Roman wars?

A
  • Even though Pyrrhus initially won, he took a lot of loses, it was hard to get reinforcements and at the Battle of Heraclea he lost and returned home.
41
Q

What is the Nexum contract?

A
  • Law that put people up for collateral instead of property mainly plebs.
42
Q

What steps did the plebs take to get equality?

A
  • Creation of Tribunes (494 BC)
  • The Concilium Plebs (471 BC)
  • The Valerio/Horatian Laws (449 BC)
  • The Twelve Tables (449 BC)
  • The Canuleian Law (445 BC)
  • The Licino-sextain Laws (376 BC)
  • Tax relief
  • The Ogulnian Law (287 BC)
  • Hortensian Law (287 BC)
43
Q

What was the creation of Tribunes in 494 BC

A
  • Made of plebian magistrates to assist the plebs needs in a political way.
  • Gave them a political voice.
44
Q

What is the Concilium Plebis (271 BC)

A
  • The political assembly were tribunes were elected and laws for the lower class called plebiscites are made.
45
Q

What are plebiscites?

A
  • Law made specifically for the plebians
  • Patricians could block the laws if they did not life it.
46
Q

What were the 3 Valerio/Horatian Laws in 449 BC?

A
  1. Plebiscites had to be accepted by everyone and become laws
  2. Right to appeal for the plebs
  3. If anyone suggested to get rid of this law, they would be beheaded
47
Q

What were the Twelve Tables of 449 BC?

A
  • Twelve stone tablets inscribed with the Roman laws and placed in the marketplace for everyone to see.
48
Q

What was the Canuleian Law of 445 BC

A
  • Marriage between plebs and Patricians aloud
  • One of the Consuls should be Pleb
  • Patricians agreed to make a new military position for the plebs to start their political career.
49
Q

What are the 3 Licino-Sextian Laws of 376 BC?

A
  1. Debt to be paid in 3 installments
  2. Limit amount of state-owned land a person could use.
  3. Plebian consuls (again)
50
Q

What were the Ogulnian Laws of 300 BC

A
  • Plebs could hold religious office
51
Q

What was the Hortensian law of 287 BC?

A
  • Making plebiscites law for everyone
52
Q

By the 3rd century what classes were in Rome?

A
  • Patricians
  • Nobles
  • Plebs
53
Q

What were the 4 political and legislated bodies made?

A
  1. The Comitia Centuriata
  2. The Comitia Tributa
  3. The Concilium Plebis
  4. The Senate
54
Q

What is the Comitia Centuriata?

A
  • Be summoned by an authorized magistrate, meet of the field of mars with all magistrates that hold Imperium (supreme authority)
  • They decided when they go to war, they interoperate the law, decided death penalty and sentencing and the court of appeal for all classes.
55
Q

What is the Comitia Tributa?

A
  • Can only be summoned by consuls, praetors and tribunes.
  • They can elect lesser magistrates and debate laws and act on court appeals with no capital punishments.
56
Q

What is the Concilium Plebis?

A
  • Closed assembly for the lower class.
  • They elect tribunes to help with the lower class politics.
57
Q

What is the Senate?

A
  • Made up of 300 Patricians, an advisory body for the other political groups.
  • The senate control the finances of the Roman state, communicate with foreign ambassadors and appoint provincial governors.
58
Q

What is the Cursus Honorum?

A
  • Guidelines how one can come into a political position.
59
Q

How can plebs get into political positions?

A
  • Be in the Military for 10 years.
60
Q

How can you be a part of the Tribune? And what is it?

A
  • No age restriction, 10 elected annually by the Concilium Plebis and Comitia tributa, term of 1 year
  • Enforce the law and defend the rights of the plebs
61
Q

How can you be a part of the Quaestor? And what is it?

A
  • First position in the Cursus Honorum, junior magistrate has to be 27 years old, 8 elected annually by Conitia Tributa, elected for 1 year.
  • Can enforce the law, are finical and administrative governors of Rome.
62
Q

How can you be a part of the Aedile? And what is it?

A
  • 2nd position, no age limit but had to be in the tribune or quaestor. 4 elected annually by the Concilium Plebis and the Comitia Tributa for 1 year.
  • Enforce the law and administered infrastructure.
63
Q

How can you be a part of the Praetor? And what is it?

A

-3rd position, had to be 33, part of the Curule magistrate (sit on chair, wear purple togas), 6 elected annually by the Comitia Centuriata.
- Had Imperium and escorted by 6 lictors, lictros had the fasces.
- They edited the laws annual and were supreme judges, military commanders, dealt with foreign law.

64
Q

How can you be a part of the Pro-Praetor? And what is it?

A
  • Had to be a praetor
  • Assigned to govern new Provines of Rome
65
Q

How can you be a part of the Consul? And what is it?

A
  • 4th step, had to be 36, 2 annually elected by the Comitia Centuriata.
  • Held imperium, escorted by 12 lictors
  • They were the general, conducted magistrate elections, presided over the senate and implemented decisions for Rome.
66
Q

How can you be a part of the Pro-Consul? And what is it?

A
  • Needed to be a consul
  • Assigned governor to roman provinces at end of term.
  • Still held Imperium and could not be prosecuted.
67
Q

How can you be a part of the Censor? And what is it?

A
  • Needed to have been Consul, 2 elected every 5 years by the Comitia Centuria for 18 months
  • Work out who could be senators, oversee public morals, expel undesirable senators, supervise public land and buildings
68
Q

How can you be a part of the Dictator? And what is it?

A
  • Honorable position of 1 man rule, appointed by the consul or senate of state in time of crisis for 6 months.
  • Had imperium over the consuls, escorted by 24 lictors, can do anything they want and can be brought to trail after his rule.
69
Q

How can you be a part of the Master of Horses? And what is it?

A
  • Appointed by the Dictator for a 6 months period.
  • Assist the dictator

The fall of the Roman Republic (3 decks)

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