roles of the individuals in unification Flashcards
summarise Napoleons role in the Roman Republic 1949?
- wanted to cement support with French catholics as he was a new president
- responded to the Papal allocution 1848
- 20,000 French troops arrived in Italy on 24th April 1849, originally blocked by Garibaldi until June 1849 when troops reached Rome
- 1849 Pope excommunicated all those who attempted to reduce temporal power of the Papacy
- pope supported by 20,000 French and a foreign power was now entrenched in her territory, where they stayed for 20 years
what was napoleons role in the political development of Piedmont?
- felt guilty for intervention in the RR as he was a liberal at heart
- he encouraged banker friends, Lafitte and Rothschild to invest in infrastructure such as railway network and Mount Cennis tunnel
- in total 280 million French francs were invested
what was Napoleons role in the Crimean War and the Congress of Paris?
- He talked with Cavour during the Congress of Paris on 8th April 1856
- Austrian involvement in Italy rose to the forefront of agenda
- nothing ultimately resulted but close relationships between France and Italy were retained
what was Napoleons role in the Orsini affair and the pact of Plombiers?
- Napoleon used the Orsini attempted assassination as an excuse to get involved with Italy, he pressured Cavour to crush radicalism and to arrange the marriage of his nephew
- Meeting at Plombiers on July 21st 1858 Nap and Cavour agreed that if Austria was seen as the aggressor then Piedmont would have the support of France and in return France would receive Nice and Savoy
- during Second war of Italian independence (Franco-Austrian) Napoleon provided 200,000 troops
what was Napoleons role in the war with Austria (Franco- Austrian war)?
- battles of Magenta and Solferino gave victories to the French
- Solferino the allies took 17,000 casualties and Austria 21,000
- treaty of Villafranca July 1859 ended the war and peace was ratified by Treaty of Zurich November 1859
- Zurich gave France Lombardy and then Napoleon ceded it to Italy
- Treaty of Turin approved Piedmontese annexation of the Central Duchies in return for Nice and Savoy
what was Napoleons role during the union with Venetia?
- 1862 France signed free trade treaty with Prussia which weakened Austria
- 1865 Nap met with Bismark in Biarritz and promised Neutrality in any war with Austria
- Napoelon signed secret treaty with Austria in 1866 promising neutrality in return for Venetia after war
- when Prussia won at Sadowa 3rd July meaning Austrians ceded Venetia to France
- Treaty of Vienna 3rd October 1866 gave Venetia to Italy
what was Napoleons role during the acquisition of Rome?
- Napoleon and VE negotiated the September Convention 1864 which would lead to withdrawal of the French out of Rome
- December 1866 French left but Garibaldis failed attempt to take Rome 1867 meant they came back and French defeated Garibaldi at Mentana
- Franco-Prussian war July 1870 meant Napoleon withdrew troops from Rome to fight Prussians
- PM Lanza gained approval of other Catholic countries to go into Rome and was taken over 19th September 1870
what was Cavours role when he was appointed as PM?
- ANTI-CLERICALISM, started 1855 when he attacked the wealth of the church, dissolving 152 monasteries and 1700 benefices which added £145,000 to states income
- Cavour sacked Rattazzi from Connubio as he was getting too much support from the Right who disliked the anti-clericalism
- CRUSHING RADICALISM, February 1853 Cavour had to deal with Mazzian inspired insurrections in Milan, he warned Austria of impending uprisings, surprised any Mazzini inspired activity
- GOVERNMENT ACTIONS, January 1855 Cavour appointed himself as three main posts in government, introduced administrative reforms 1852 and reformed army under La Mamora
what was Cavours role in the Crimean war and Congress of Paris?
- Cavour reluctantly joined war January 1855, 18000 troops committed and then Piedmont would be invited to Congress of Paris in February to April 1856
- Cavour’s attendance showed Piedmonts growing diplomatic status
- Italian question was main point of discussion on April 8th and showed growing diplomatic issue
Cavours role in the Second war of Italian independence and Pact of Plombiers?
- Cavour allowed National Society to grow in Piedmont and membership rose to 8000 by 1857
- 1856 Cavour met Manin and Garibaldi to discuss war with Austria
- France and Italy friendship culminate in pact of Plombiers July 21st 1858 which would result in Austrian expulsion from Lombardy and Venetia
- After war broke out Cavour encouraged pro-piedmontese revolts in central duchies
- negotiated Treaty of Turin which agreed Napoleon would get Nice and Savoy if Piedmont received Central Duchies
what was Cavours relationship with Garibaldi?
- Garibaldis action caused rift with Cavour who didn’t resist due to impending elections and he didn’t want to upset national society
- Cavour couldn’t support Garibaldi as it would risk friendship with French
- When Garibaldi was travelling North to attempt Rome Cavour was forced to send Persano to start Piedmontese uprising in Naples and even made an alliance with the Bourbons
Cavours responses to Garibaldi?
- Cavour worried about Garibaldi and his 20,000 troops when they were moving North
- Cavour made a huge risk sending troops through Papal States to stop him the first time
- Garibaldis conquest of South gave Piedmont huge social issues as they couldn’t fulfil his economic promises
- Cavour organised plebiscites in Naples and Sicily
- Papal marches and Umbria then joined union of which Cavour organised plebiscites quickly
- Cavours decision to not allow Garibaldi to rule South then the Birgands war could have been avoided
what was VEII role during the first war of Italian unification?
-he negotiated Peace of Milan with Austria which gave Piedmont $65 million lire debt
-allowed statuto to stand and allowed for 30,000 Austrian excites to flee to Piedmont (these then became radicals later on- made Genoa centre of nationalist action)
-Piedmont attracted political refugees as it had legal equality, a reasonably free press
-But he was autocratic ruler, his family were part of the Austrian imperial family and he shelled Genoa where the radicals were entrenched
ALLOWED LIBERALISM BUT NOT GREAT NATIONALIST
what was VEII role in Piedmonts relationship with Austria?
- VEII took over from his father in March 1849, he kept the statuto, some believed he defied the Austrians whilst others think Austria wanted him to keep the statuto to avoid revolution
- Austria feared Piedmont might turn to France if there was unrest, and Austria believed a constitutional monarchy was better than a Republic
what was VEII role in the political developments of Piedmont?
-statuto gave monarchy large power eg. law by decree, foreign policy control, control of ministers act
-VEII appointed Azeglio 1849 and attempted to push the idea of the ‘gentleman king’ but his administration failed
-King was unhappy with the Church for abandoning CA in 1848, church challenged statuto so the Siccardi laws were introduced in March 1850 to control church power (Piedmont wanted to modernise)
-1953 Cavour created connubio and VE accepted Cavours request for him to become PM November 1856, Cavour reforms the economic system, crushes republicanism and modernises Piedmont
HE FACILITATES MODERNISATION THROUGH APPOINTING CAVOUR
what was VEII role in Orsini affair and pact of plombiers?
- VE pushed Cavour to get involved with the Crimean war, threatened to sack Cavour for Thaon de Revel who was more pro war
- as a result of Plombiers, VE agrees to allow marry off his oldest daughter to nephew of Napoleon, this was a hypogamic marriage but VE confirms it on 30th January 1859
- VE did Grido Di Delore speech in January 1859 which was considered as an inspiring nationalist event
what was VEII role during the political relationship with Garibaldi?
- VE and G met first time in March 1859
- VE liked his direct action and G promised to act on behalf of the King
- VE supported G’s southern expedition which meant Cavour had to go along aswell
what was VE role during the meeting at Teano?
- 3rd October 1860 VE led Piedmontese army and defeated papal troops
- 26th October G and VE met at Teano
- 7th November a stage entranced to Naples was arranged where the south was formerly handed over to VE
- VE rejected calls for G to be made viceroy of the south
what was VE role during the 1866 war with Austria and acquisition of Venetia?
- VE encouraged G to destabilise Austrian rule in Venice and he began to dominate foreign policy when Cavour died
- October 1861 King sent envoys to Europe to stir up war, he met with Mazzini to discuss possibilities of revolts
- personal control the armed forces during 1866 war, was called ‘wholly ignorant and incompetent’ by Cialdini
- after Kingdom was established VE continued as King VE II instead of King of Italy (negatively symbolic)
what was VE role in the Roman question?
- VE refused Naps request to return parts of the Papal States to the pope in 1860 in return for French withdrawal
- VE negotiated September Convention 1864 which led to French withdrawal
- VE followed advice of government to not support French during Franco-prussian war
- Entered Rome on 20th September 1870 and set up new capital there on 2nd July 1871
what was Garibaldis role during the Roman Republic 1849?
- originally excited in SA, when he returned he offered his services to CA but was declined and then Austrian general said ‘the one man that could have helped Piedmont win the 1848 war was the one man they turned their backs on’
- held 20,000 French troops from entering Rome for 2 months 1849
- resulted in the excile of Mazzini and return of Piux IX
- G retreated to Venetia to help Manin but 3500 troops died but was ST failure
what was Garibaldis role in the Austrian war?
- distanced from Mazzini 1854 and met with Cavour to discuss training Italian army and the role of the National Society
- throughout he remained a nationalists symbol
- 1859 was Garibaldi commanded 3000 volunteers who crossed into Piedmont from Austrian Lombardy (helped to raise tensions)
- Garibaldis Alpine campaign won battles like San Ferno 27th May 1859 and forced Austrians to retreat from Como (cemented LT reputation)
what was Garibaldis role during the expedition of the South?
- didnt have clear plan before southern expedition, left 1000 followers 2 old ships and rifles that didn’t work
- actions caused a rift with Cavour (Cavour didn’t resist due to impending elections but also couldnt support or would risk relationship with the French)
- when he crossed to Naples 22nd August 1860 he threatened relationship with the Pope in Rome and led to increased reinforcements of the papal states
- forced Cavour to send Persano to try start Piedmontese uprising in Naples to try and stop G
- left south with socio-economic problems as they could not fulfil Garibaldis economic promises (indirectly led to Brigands war)
- VEII liked G direct action and his expedition in May 1860 with 1200 to help with uprisings helped the pace of unification
- handed over south to VEII 7th October
what was Garibaldis influence during Venetian question?
- December 1861 Party of Action formed the Italian Freedom Association, tried to raise money for Venetia
- Garibaldi supporters Nullo arrested in 1862 and 1864 for uprisings in Hapsburg empires but news leaked and they failed and upset foreign diplomats
- Austro Prussian war: Gs volunteers defeated Aus at Bezzecca (only Italian success in whole war)
- tried to keep Venetian question alive during 1860’s y travelling to London
What was Garibaldis influence in the Roman question?
- attempted Roman takeover in 1862, shot in the foot in Aspromonte, very embarrassing for G and Piedmontese government
- following September Convention 1864 G attempted to take Rome, April 1865 Florence proclaimed Capital, G escaped Caprera and sailed to Italy
- France stopped G at Mentana 3rd November 1867 and re-established protection for Pope months after they’d originally left
when did the French arrive in Italy during the RR?
24th April 1849
when and how many French troops arrived outside Rome?
20,000 on June 1849
