1830-1848 revs Flashcards
what are the five reasons for the causes of the 1848 revolutions?
- growth of liberalism
- reforms of Pius IX
- social and economic discontent
- unpopularity of the Austrians
- growth of nationalism
what did CA do in 1847?
proposed the statuto
what did the constitution do?
-gave radical reformers rights
what did Pius IX do in 1846?
- liberal reforms of justice system
- recruited council of lay advisers called ‘consulta’
- entered a customs union with Tuscany
- freed 20,000 political prisoners
what was the result of Pius release of political prisoners?
- inspired the masses
- they shouted ‘O Somme Pio’ (oh supreme Pius)
what did Pius liberal reforms lead to in Piedmont?
-end their press censorship
how many people worked on the land?
90%
when were the Europe wide harvest failures?
1846 and 1847
when did living standards in towns decline?
-1810
what was life expectancy in Naples in 1840?
24
what made people in the south hate their rulers?
cholera outbreak 1836 causing 65,000 deaths
what did areas under Austrian control hate about it?
Lombardy and Venetia hated the high taxes, nearly 1/3 of Austrias revenue was made through these two wealthy states taxes
when did tensions start in Austrian occupied areas?
July 1847
what did the Austrians do in 1847?
occupied Ferrara which caused the Pope to lodge a formal protest with Austria
what happened in March 1848?
- declaration of a republic in Venice
- skirmishes in Milan forcing out Austrian garrison
when was the cholera outbreak in Sicily?
January 1848
what happens in Sicily on the 12th January 1848
- peasants arrive in the city to support uprisings
- 5000 army reinforcements arrive
- city in taken over and the restoration of the 1812 constitution was demanded
what was Sicily revolting for?
- constitution
- independence from Naples
when, why and what happened in Naples?
- Januray 17th Jan
- they were inspired by Sicily
- uprisings were launched by secret societies
what happened as a result of the Naples uprisings?
27th January
Ferdinand yielded and he appointed a more liberal ministry led by Maresco
what happened in Naples in Feb?
-conservative constitution granted by Ferdinand
why were Naples revolting?
- due to famine
- wanted a constitution
when were the constitutions in Tuscany and the Papal States granted?
February 17th 1848
what were the central duchies fighting for?
a constitution (demanded by the middle class)
when do revolutions break out in Vienna and when does Metternich resign?
March 1848
what happens in Lombardy in March 1848?
- five glorious days boycott (Austrian owned tobacco company)
- 10,000 people petitioned for liberal reforms
- Radetsky (austrian commander) withdraws to fortresses due to anti au train barricades king thrown up
- Lombardy asks Piedmont for anti Austrian alliance
when was the Venetian republic declared under Daniel main?
22nd march
when does ca ask Piedmont for support against Austrians?
22nd march
why did the 1830 revolutions fail geographically?
all 9 states had distinct culture
-backward in the south
why did the secret societies fail?
-geographical disunity
what % of the population spoke Italian?
2.5%
where was Carbonri most well known and how many members?
60000 members in the south which was 5% of male population
why did secret societies fail?
didn’t want to work together
lack organisation
scattered
why did 1830 revs fail?
- local affairs
- no coordination
- didnt use violence
why did risorgimento fail?
too intellectual
books and plays used to avoid censorship
Rossinins William tell delivered patriotic theme
who were nationalists divided between?
- balbo beleived in the strength of CA to lead unification by Piedmont
- Gioberti beleived in the rule of Pius considering his liberal reforms
- d’Azeglio beleived in CA
- Mazzini, had 50,000 members of young Italy by 1830
what did the Austrians do the instigated tensions before 1848 revolutions?
July 1847 they occupied Ferrara which cause pope to lodge formal protest with Austria government
what happens in Sicily?
5000 reinforcements arrive to support revolution and 1812 constitution is demanded
what does Ferdinand do in response to revolutions in Sicily?
September dispatches force of 20,000 to seize Messina and Sicilian parliament surrender after 3 days of bombardments which gives Ferdinand the name ‘king bomba’, he then destroys parliaments in march 1849
what signals end to revolutions in Sicily?
Filangieri occupies Palermo 15th May 1849
when and how do revolutions start in Naples?
17th January secret societies launch revolutions and massive demonstrations 27th January in Naples leads to Ferdinand Yielding
how did Ferdinand initially respond to Naples revolutions?
grants conservative constitution, agrees to two chamber parliament and free press
when is Rossi murdered and when does pope flee?
15th November
26th November
when and where did the Austrians win
Custozza 24th July 1848
novara 23rd march 1849
what weakened Piedmont?
papal allocution
CA refusing to accept soldiers that don’t swear alleigence
when do revolutions break out in Venice and what happens?
march 1848 and Metternich resigns
what happens in Lombardy in 1848?
Austrian commander withdraws to quadrilateral and Lombardy asks Piedmont for alliance
when does CA invade Lombardy?
22nd march 1848
what does the ministry under Troya in Naples persuade Ferdinand to do?
- broaden franchise
- break diplomatic relationships with Austria
- send neopolitan force of 17,000 under Pepe to fight Austrians
when is CA thrown out of Lombardy?
11th august 1848 and armistice of salasco signed
when is the constituent established in Rome?
January 1849
when does CA abdicate?
march 1849
when is autocratic rule re-established by Ferdinand?
15th may 1849
when does the republic of Venice fall?
august 1849
when is the peace of Milan signed?
august 1849
