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Neurology > Role Of Neurones And Glia > Flashcards

Role Of Neurones And Glia Flashcards

1
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

The most abundant type of glial cells, act as supporters and are bushy cells with fine radiating processes

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2
Q

What are the role of oligodendrocytes?

A

Insulation, responsible for wrapping myelin sheaths around the axons in white matter, whereas in grey matter they form satellite cells that seem to participate in ion exchange with the neurones

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3
Q

What are the mircoglial cells?

A

Are involved in the immune response, of mesodermal origin and are capable of self renewal

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4
Q

What are the role of astrocytes?

A

Structural support
Nutrition for neurones
Remove neurotransmitters
Maintain the ionic environment

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5
Q

How to astrocytes provide energy for neurones?

A

They produce lactate that can be transported to neurones that supplements their supply of glucose by using the glucose lactate shuttle

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6
Q

How do astrocytes buffer K+ in ECF?

A

Mop up K+ in times of intense neruonal activity, as this increases the amount of K+

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7
Q

How are the microglia immune competent?

A

Recognise the foreign material and are activated, do phagocytosis to remove the debris and the foreign material, and act as the brains main defence system

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8
Q

How is the blood brain barrier formed?

A

Brain cappilleries have tight junctions between the endotehail cells, the basement membrane surrounding the cappilary, and the end feet of astrocyte proccesses

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9
Q

What are some of the pathways across the blood brain barrier?

A

Substances such as glucose, and amino acids and potassium are transported across the BBB, allowing the concentration to be controlled

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10
Q

How is the CNS immune privileged?

A

It does not undergo the rapid rejection of allograft, and the microglia can act as antigen presenting cells, T cells can enter the CNS< and the CNS inhibits the initiation of the pro-inflammatory T cell response

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11
Q

What are some of the symptoms of gliomas?

A

Result from a reduced inter-cranial pressure, including headache drowsiness and vomiting, and radiological investigations may show displacement to other side of the midline.

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12
Q

What may tumours below the tentorium cause?

A

May block exit of fluid from the fourth ventricle, causing an increased intercranila pressure

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13
Q

What is uncal herniation?

A

A displacement of the uncus of the temproal lobe into the tentorial notch, and compression of the ipsilateral crus cerebri but the uncus may give rise to a contralateral motor weakness

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14
Q

What is pressure coning?

A

A cone of cerebellar tissue may descent into the foramen Magnus, squeezing the medullar oblongata and therefore causing death

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15
Q

What is subfalcine herniation>

A

Is internally between the falx cerebri and the corpus callosum

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16
Q

What are the amino acids used as neurotransmitters in the CNS?

A

Glutamate, GABA and glycine

17
Q

What are the biogenic amines that are used in the CNS?

A

Acetylcholine, noradrenaline, dopamine, serotin, histamine

18
Q

What are some of the peptides that are used as neurotransmitters in the CNS?

A

Dynromins, enkepalins, susbtance P, somatotropin, cholecystakinin, neuropeptide y

19
Q

What is the main amino acid transporter?

A

Glutamate, and it is the major excitatory neurotransmitter

20
Q

What are the main inhibitory amino acids?

A

GABA and glycine

21
Q

What are some of the iontropic glutamate receptors?

A

AMPA receptors that are permeable to Na+/K+
Kainate receptors that are permeable to Na+/K+
NMDA receptors that are peremable to Na+/K+ and Ca2+ receptors

22
Q

What are some of the features of the mBLUR-17 receptors?

A

These are G protein coupled receptors that link changes in IP3 and Ca2+ mobilisation, or inhibition of adenylate cyclase and decreased cAMP levels

23
Q

What are some of the features of glutamergic synapses?

A

Have both AMPA and NMDA receptors, the AMPA receptors mediate the initial fast depolarisation, and the NMDA receptors that are permeable to CA2+ need glutamate to bind, and the cell to be depolarised to allow for ion flow through the channel, and glycine acts as a coagnoist

24
Q

What is the role of the glutamate receptors in learning and memory?

A

The activation of the NMDA receptors can up-regulate the AMPA rectorps, and the strong high frequency EPSP is caused by the long term potentionation, and therefore the synapses get bigger and stronger and increase our ability to learn things , therefore CA2+ entry through the NMDA receptors causes the excitotoxicity

25
Q

What is the main inhbitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

A

GABA

26
Q

What are the receptors like for GABA and glycine?

A

They have integral CL- channels, and opening these causes hyper-polarisation, and a inhibitory post synaptic potential, and decreased action potential firing

27
Q

How can GABA receptors be used pharmacologically?

A

Baribiutates and benzodiazipines bind to GABA receptors, and both are used to enhance the repsone to GABA. They tend to have sedative and anxicylcic effects

28
Q

What is the role of Ach within the brain?

A

Acts as both the nicotinic and the muscarnic receptors in the brain, is mainly excitatory and the receptors often present on presynaptic terminals to enhance the release of the other transmitters

29
Q

What are some of the cholinergic pathways in the CNS involved in?

A

Arosal learning, memory and motor control

30
Q

What are some of the dopamergic pathways in the CNS?

A

Nigrostrial pathway that is involved in motor control, and the mesolimbic pathway and the mesocrotical pathway, that are involved in mood arosal and reward

31
Q

How is the blood brain barrier addressed when giving dopamine therapy to patients with Parkinson’s?

A

L- Dpa is converted to dopamine in the periphery and the brain by AADC, Carbidopa inhibits AADC in the peripherary but not in the brain, as it cannot cross the BBB, and therefore more dopamine is found in the brain

32
Q

How is noradrenaline associated with behavioural arosal?

A

Most noradrenaline in the brain comes from the LC neurones, and their activity increases during behavioural arosal, and ampethalimies increase the release of noradrenaline and dopamine and increase wakefulness, and depression may be associated with a decrease in NA

Neurology (3 decks)

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