role of genes and environment

Question 1

why might there be a difference between 2 individuals

Answer 1

may be due to difference in a single gene

Question 2

natural selection can act on behaviour if

Answer 2

variation among individuals
individual differences are heritable
some behavioural differences lead to greater reproductive success for individuals performing certain behaviours

Question 3

allele

Answer 3

version of a gene - 2 copies per gene

Question 4

genotype

Answer 4

combination of alleles at particular gene

Question 5

phenotype

Answer 5

observable characteristics of an organism

Question 6

if genes are involved in behavioural variation…

Answer 6

individuals with the same genotype should express the same phenotype
behavioural trait should respond to selection

Question 7

transgenics

Answer 7

remove or swap genes and observe changes in phenotype

Question 8

genes are often named after phenotype observed mutation

Answer 8

tinman, sonic hedgehog, swiss cheese, ken and barbie

Question 9

tinman gene

Answer 9

born without a heart

Question 10

sonic hedgehog gene

Answer 10

embryo covered in spines

Question 11

swiss cheese gene

Answer 11

brain full of holes

Question 12

ken and barbie gene

Answer 12

lack external genitalia

Question 13

what does the development of traits is caused by a complex interaction between genes and environment mean

Answer 13

genetically identical individuals reared in different environments may end up morphologically and behaviourally different
phenotype often dependent on environment

Question 14

phenotype plasticity

Answer 14

ability of given genotype to produce distinct phenotypes under different environment conditions

Question 15

inducible defences - daphnia

Answer 15

reared in presence of predatory chaoborus grow longer tail spines, larger heads, smaller bodies, increased egg clutches

Question 16

caste determination in honey bees

Answer 16

unfertilised eggs -> haploid -> males (drones)
fertilised eggs -> diploid -> females (workers or queens)

Question 17

queen honey bee

Answer 17

produces egg

Question 18

worker honey bee

Answer 18

sterile, feed larvae, defend and maintain nest

Question 19

haploid

Answer 19

1 allele per gene

Question 20

caste determination - diet

Answer 20

royal jelly
influences juvenile hormone levels

Question 21

desert locust - in adults

Answer 21

swarming stimulates change from solitaries to gregarious morph
transition includes rapid behavioural change
morphology alters more gradually

Question 22

desert locust - in nymphs

Answer 22

crowded rearing conditions - gregarious
crowded maternal conditions - offspring develop into gregarious locust

Question 23

non-adaptive plasticity

Answer 23

if animals experience low quality environment in early life - severe food shortage, parasitic infection

Question 24

asymmetry

Answer 24

non-directional variation between left and tight sides as a result of environmental stress