Role of Cytokines and Chemokines Flashcards
How do cytokines act on their receptors?
They bind to specific receptors and often they have two subunits, and the binding of the cytokine leads to them joining together.
This then leads to signalling within the cell.
What can multipotential haematopoietic stem cells divide into?
Common Myeloid Progenitors
Common Lymphoid Progenitors
What can common myeloid progenitors divide into?
- Megakaryocytes
- Erythrocytes
- Mast cells
- Myeloblasts
What do megakarycoytes differentiate into?
Thrombocytes
What can myeloblasts divide into?
- Neutrophils
- Basophils
- Eosinophils
- Monocytes
What can monocytes divide into?
Macrophages
What can common lymphoid progenitors divide into?
- NK cells (large granular lymphocytes)
- Small lymphocytes
What do small lymphocytes divide into?
- T cells
- B cells
What can B cells divide into?
Plasma cells
What determines the type of differentiation that occurs with haematopoietic stem cells?
Cytokines
Which cytokine causes small lymphocytes to differentiate into T cells?
IL-2
What are interferons?
Anti-viral mediators that work by interfering with viral replication.
What are examples of interferon, and what cells make each of them?
- IFN-alpha (lymphocytes)
- IFN-beta (fibroblasts)
- IFN-gamma (lymphocytes and NK cells)
What are cytotoxins, where are they produced, and give an example of one?
Produced by activated lymphocytes or macrophages and they are able to kill tumour cells.
TNF = TNF-a
Is TNF-a a strong anti-tumour factor?
No, it is a poor anti-tumour factor
What are the three types of T cells?
- CD4 Th1 cells
- CD4 Th2 cells
- CD8 T cells (cytotoxic)
What do CD8 T cells release?
- Fas ligand
- Granulysin
- Perforin
What are some examples of effector molecules that Th1 cells release, and what cells do they activate?
IFN-gamma and TNF-a which activate macrophages
What are some examples of effector molecules that Th2 cells release, and what cells do they activate?
IL-4 and IL-5 which activate B cells
