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gender > role of chromosomes and hormones in sex and gender > Flashcards

role of chromosomes and hormones in sex and gender Flashcards

1
Q

role of chromosomes

A

to carry genes (hold instructions for physical and behavioural characteristics)

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2
Q

how many chromosomes are humans born with

A

46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

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3
Q

what pair of chromosomes is the sex chromosome

A

23rd pair

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4
Q

what does the 23rd pair of chromosomes determine

A

determines the sex of the individual

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5
Q

XX chromosomes

A
  • females
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6
Q

XY chromosomes

A
  • males (y chromosome carries little genetic material)
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7
Q

how is the sex determined within womb

A
  • during prenatal development all individuals start off with same internal and external genitalia - few weeks after conception male and female embryos have external genitalia of female
  • when foetus is 3 months it developed to male if Y chromosome is added
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8
Q

what are the two typical chromosomes for sex and gender

A

XX
XY

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9
Q

what are the 2 main atypical chromosomes

A
  • Klinefelter syndrome
  • turners syndrome
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10
Q

what chromosome configuration would individuals with Klinefelter syndrome have

A

XXY (extra X chromosome)

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11
Q

characteristics and features of individuals with klinefelter syndrome

A
  • born with penis
  • tend to be taller
  • look less muscular due to reduced testosterone levels
  • often infertile
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12
Q

how many out of 1000 males will have klinefelters syndrome

A

1 in 1000 males

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13
Q

what chromosome configuration would individuals with turners syndrome have

A

XO chromosomes (second chromosome partly/ completely missing)

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14
Q

characteristics of individuals with turner syndrome

A
  • born with vagina and womb - may lack periods due to undeveloped ovaries
  • shorter than average
  • webbed neck
  • narrow hips
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15
Q

how many out of 2000 females will have turners syndrome

A

1 out of 2000

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16
Q

what are the 3 hormones related to sex and gender

A
  • testosterone
  • oestrogen
  • oxytocin
17
Q

define hormones

A

genes/chromosomes that determine persons sex which then leads to production of hormones

18
Q

what is testosterone responsible for

A

responsible for development of secondary sexual characteristics during puberty

19
Q

how does testosterone link to aggression (case study)

A
  • hormone links to testosterone as shown by Nanne van de poll who injected female rats with testosterone and found they become more physically and sexually aggressive)
20
Q

how does testosterone affect brain development
(case study)

A

XX females were exposed prenatally to large doses of testosterone where they later showed more tomboyish behaviour (Berenbaum + Bailey)

21
Q

oestrogens default gender

A

female

22
Q

oestrogens role in females

A

plays role in puberty by promoting secondary sexual characteristics and during menstrual cycle - heightens the irritability

23
Q

what is oxytocin also know as

A

‘love hormone’

24
Q

why is oxytocin known as the love hormone

A
  • promotes feeling of bonding in men and women whilst evoking the feelings of contentment and calmness
25
Q

what hormone does oxytocin reduce

A

reduces cortisol levels (stress hormone)

26
Q

why do females tend to produce larger amounts of oxytocin than men

A
  • women especially during giving birth produce more whilst men produce less of the hormone because testosterone dampens oxytocin
27
Q

eval points for role of chromosomes and hormones in sex and gender

A

(+) challenging biological determinism
(-) importance of other factors
(+) real world application
(+) evidence for testosterone

28
Q

expand on (+) challenging biological determinism as eval point for chromosomes and hormones in sex and gender

A
  • supporting evidence for importance of genes and hormones upon determination of individuals gender
  • Money claimed bio sex wasnt main factor of gender development and argued sex of rearing was more important
  • case study - David Reimer an intersex individual can support Money’s claims that intersex people can be raised being either a girl or boy
  • Reimers case initially supported Money’s claims until David showed strong male identity despite being brought up as girl
    -Reimers outcome further support other research - Reiner and Gearhart studied 16 genetic males born with almost no penis - 2 were raised as males and 14 were raised as girls (8 reassigned to males by age 16)
  • research supports biological factors having key role in gender development
29
Q

expand on eval point (-) importance of other factors for role of chromosomes and hormones in sex and gender

A
  • alternative viewpoints suggest gender is made up of multiple factors and not just biology
  • example: some cases of abnormal exposure, genetic sex doesnt match external genitalia + hormones dont produce simple formula for establishing gender
  • gender appears to be complex and unpredictable combination of genes, hormones, sex or rearing and socialisation
  • impossible to predict what individuals gender identity will be
  • can argued holistic view of gender may be more appropriate when trying to understand how individuals identity is formed
30
Q

expand on eval point (+) real world application for chromosomes and hormones in sex and gender

A
  • greater understanding of intersex conditions down to real world application
    – in past intersex conditions were normally treated with using surgery
  • now its recommended babies with condition dont have surgery to allow individual to make own decisions for themselves
  • genetic screening has allowed conditions such as turners syndrome to be identified early on
  • greater understanding has allowed individuals with gender related conditions to access wide range of support to help them improve their life
31
Q

expand on eval point (+) evidence for testosterone for hormones in sex and gender

A
  • strength of explanation is there being research to support role of testosterone
  • research found female monkeys who were deliberately exposed to testosterone during prenatal development later engaged in more rough and tumble and were more aggressive
  • reveals how important testosterone is in development of gender and behaviours
  • potential ethical issues due to animal studies which can limit the explanation

gender (4 decks)

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