Role of Chromosomes and Hormones Flashcards
what is the role of the chromosomes
23rd pair determinen bio sex XX=F + XY=M
what are the role of hormones
influences bio development before birth, at puberty gives secondary sexual characteristics. bio effects of hormones may influence gender identity/behaviour
what is testoterone
hormone more dominant in males starts development of male genitals before birth leads to changes in hypothalamus linked to aggressive male behaviour
what is oestrogen
more dominant in females produce female secondary characteristics and regulates menstruation
what is oxytocin
stress reducing love hormone produced during sex by both m&f promotes pair bonding and in produced in large amounts by females during breastfeeding helps bond w newborn babies
Role of chromosomes and hormones AO3: study of 8000 twin pairs
Van B(2006) childhood gender identity data was collected from over 8000 twin pairs (DZ&MZ) as a part of longitudinal twin study in holland, 70% of the variance in gender identity was due to genetic factors
suggesting atyptical gender dev. is heritable and girl with female co-twins were more likely to show cross gender behaviour than girls with male co-twins counter to what would be exoected by SLT suggeesting that atypical is a biological not psychological process
role of chromosomes and hormones AO3: looking at genomes of transgenders
Theisen(2019) sequenced the genomes of 13 transgender individuals and compared these to 88 controls. Finding 21 gene variations associated with oestrogen reception in areas of the brain shown to be sexually dimorphic.
Suggests that sex hormone exposure before birth results in sexually dimorphic brain development contributing to gender dysphoria
role of chromosomes and hormones AO3: rats stopping displaying caring behaviour towards their babies
Research shown female rats stopped displaying caring behaviour towards their babies while given drug to stop oxytocin(Van L 1987) and oestrogen production(Rosenblatt 1994) Males castrated mice reduced aggressive biting than returned to normal lvls when injected w test. Increase in aggressive biting in females when injected w test.
Suggest hormonal changes results in changes to sex typed behaviour
COUNTERARGUMENT: hard to be generalise to humans
role of chromosomes and hormones AO3: practical application of
understanding of how hormones can influence gendered behaviour can help develop hormonal clinical treatments for parenting disorders
role of chromosomes and hormones AO3: male and female is overly simplistic
seen as overly simplistic eg a form of oestrogen called oestradiol critical for male sexuality, low levels result in diminished sex drive and ability to produce sperm
what is Klinefelters syndrome
when additional X chromosome is in a male (1 in 660 males)
physical characteristics of Klinefelters syndrome
reduced facial hair, long limbs, small testes, developement of breast tissue
psychological characteristics of
difficulties like dyslexia
what is turners syndrome
when females are missing a second chromosome (X0) in 1 in 2000 girls
physical characteristics of turners syndrome
no menstrual cycle
short
limited breast development,
wide chest, short webbed neck
immature appearance
Atypical sex patterns AO3: medical interventions improving
research into syndromes have led to medical interventions that have improved ppls lives such as oestrogen therapy w ppl w TS and testorone therapy w ppl w KS
role of chromosomes and hormones AO3: actual behaviour of TS
When we compare differences between typical and atypical chromosomes some observations may seem bias such as TS girls being socially immature but it may be due to an env result of how they are treated due to their physical immature appearance
