Role of AA in gaining civil rights

Question 1

different approaches

4 points

Answer 1

1. some challenged legality of discrimination
2. some stressed economic and social improvement over other goals (gaining vote)
3. some aimed for integration others for segregation
4. some had peaceful methods whilst others were more violent/took direct action

Question 2

Booker T Washington 1865-1915

6 points

Answer 2

1. famous for gaining confidence of white americans and moral authority among AA
2. stressed importance of AA relying on own efforts to make progress - key to demonstrate responsibility, become educated and prosperous
3. didn’t campaign openly against south
4. received support from wealthy businessmen and advised presidents on racial issues
5. 1881 founded Tuskegee Institute to train teachers
6. 1901 founded National Business League to encourage AA economic enterprise

Question 3

W.E.B Du Bois 1868-1913

4 points

Answer 3

1. AA elite ‘talented tenth’ should spearhead movement for radical political change
2. co-operated with white reformers in National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP established 1909)
3. led marches and campaigns for equal civil and political rights
4. achieve equality within system (developed by MLK)

Question 4

Marcus Garvey 1887-1940

4 points

Answer 4

1. accepted need for economic enterprise and improvement backed by greater education
2. goal - separate AA community aware of African roots and part of wider Pan African movement
3. Universal Negro Improvement association 1914 - 1st large Civil rights organisation
4. said to have had 4 million members by 1920

Question 5

Philip Randolph 1890-1979

4 points

Answer 5

1. followed Du Bois’ ideas and took some ideas of economic development
2. rallied black organised labour to the cause of civil rights
3. mass non-violent protest
4. pressured gov to end discrimination in war production industries in 1941 by threatening mass march - 1st time AA leader influenced policy substantially

Question 6

Martin Luther King 1929-1968

Answer 6

1. marches and mass protests (begun by Dubois and Randolph)
2. dynamic leader ship qualities (similar to charismatic Garvey)
3. co-operated with white liberals
4. non violence
5. ability to use publicity and image effectively
6. KEY MOMENTS
   Formed influential Southern Christian Leadership Conference SCLC 1957

March in Birmingham, Alabama, his arrest and ‘I have a
dream speech’ 1963

March on Washington 1963

March from Selma to Montgomery 1965

7. assassinated 1968

Question 7

Malcolm X 1925-65 and black panthers

7 points

Answer 7

1. separatist
2. worked with Nation of Islam to promote african heritage
3. powerful and influential leader
4. Black Panther movement developed from this -
   Black Panther Party for Self-Defence founded by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton in 1966
5. radical social programme - called for equality and armed resistance to authority and white hostility
6. X softens approach after trip to Africa and Middle East and completing Hajj
7. assassinated 1965

Question 8

e.g. ‘ most significant contribution by AA leader was MLK’ key points
5 points

Answer 8

1. kings focus on political rights compared to other leaders.
2. Kings ability to get range of white support from federal administration compared to other leaders
3. kings organisational abilities compared to other leaders
4. power of oratory compared to to others
5. how far other leaders paved way for King?