Roesler final section Flashcards

1
Q

Glucose can ultimately be converted into what three metabolic fuels?

A

glycogen
amino acids
fatty acids/ triacylglycerols

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2
Q

Fatty acids can be converted into what other fuel in humans?

A

ketone bodies

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3
Q

Amino acids can be converted into what 3 fuels?

A

Glucose / glycogen
fatty acids/ triacylglycerols
ketone bodies

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4
Q

What is the most highly concentrated form of stored biological energy?

A

triacylglycerols

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5
Q

Explain the major metabolic processes in the liver involving glucose?

A
  • glucokinase in liver is not inhibited by glucose 6p
  • liver has a high capacity for glucose metabolism
  • glucose 6 phosphate is the main metabolism in the liver
  • liver exports glucose to maintain blood sugar levels for brain
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6
Q

In a fed state, what is the liver using glucose for?

A

glucose will go towards:
- ATP production (small %)
- glycogen
- fatty acids
- cholesterol
- NADPH
- nucleotides

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7
Q

In a fasting state, how is the liver maintaining blood sugar levels?

A
  • glycogen and gluconeogenesis are making glucose
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8
Q

What 3 unique features of the liver contribute to it acting as a glucose sensor?

A
  • liver has a specific glucose transporter GLUT2 which has a high KM for glucose meaning it can respond to high glucose concentrations
  • liver has a specific hexokinase called glucokinase that has a high KM for glucose and is not inhibited by glucose 6p
  • Liver glycogen phosphorylase A is inhibited by glucose
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9
Q

In a fed state, what is the liver using amino acids for?

A
  • to make proteins in the liver
  • to make nucleotides
  • exports excess amino acids elsewhere
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10
Q

In a fasting state, what is the liver using amino acids for?

A
  • making glucose
  • making a small % of ATP
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11
Q

In a fed state, what is the liver using fatty acids for?

A
  • converting them to triacylglycerols and phospholipids
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12
Q

In a fasting state what is the liver using fatty acids for?

A
  • MAJOR source of ATP
  • Ketone body formation when needed
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13
Q

during prolonged fasting, what provides as much as 70% of the energy in the brain?

A

ketone bodies

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14
Q

In a fed state, what are fat cells using glucose for?

A
  • making a small % of ATP
  • making acetyl COA and DHAP which eventually get converted into triacylglycerols
  • making NADPH
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15
Q

In a fasting state, what do fat cells do to triacylglycerols?

A

breaks them down to get energy, making fatty acids and glycerol

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16
Q

What are the major metabolic processes in muscle cells?

A
  • maximum activity - glucose is the main fuel
  • since muscle lacks glucose 6 phosphatase, the glucose released from glycogen is metabolized through glycolysis
  • rate of glycolysis exceeds that of the TCA cycle making excess lactate
  • cori cycle uses lactate to make glucose in the liver
  • basically every metabolic proesses in muscle makes ATP or expels waste (lactate)
17
Q

The heart obtains most of its ATP through oxidative phosphorylation using _____

A

fatty acids

18
Q

What are the three major metabolic hormones?

A

insulin, glucagon and epinephrine

19
Q

Which two metabolic hormones are synthesized in the pancreas?

A
  • insulin and glucagon
20
Q

Does muscle respond to glucagon?

A

no because muscle cells do not have glucagon receptors

21
Q

the most common fuel used by most tissues isssss

A

fatty acids

22
Q

What are the two targets of glucagon?

A

liver and adipose tissue

23
Q

What gets synthesized under extreme fasting?

A

ketone bodies

24
Q

What metabolic processes increase when glucagon is released? (4)

A
  • glycogenolysis
  • triacylglycerol hydrolysis - lipolysis
  • gluconeogenesis
  • ketogenesis
25
Q

What are the three main targets of epinephrine?

A

liver, muscle, adipose

26
Q

What does epinephrine do in liver?

A

stimulates glycogen breakdown and glucose release

27
Q

What does epinephrine do in adipose tissue?

A
  • stimulates TAG breakdown and fatty acid release
28
Q

What does epinephrine do in muscle?

A

stimulates glycogen breakdown and glycolysis

29
Q

What is the main difference between epinephrine and glucagon?

A

epinephrine acts on muscle whereas glucagon doesn’t because muscle has no glucagon receptors

30
Q

What is the only metabolic pathway that is inhibited by epinephrine?

A

glycogen synthesis

31
Q

insulin stimulates ___ uptake by tissues

A

glucose

32
Q

Most cases of diabetes in north America are type ___

A

II

33
Q

What is the blood glucose level in mM that may indicate diabetes?

A

7mM

34
Q

What test measures the amount of blood sugar attached to your hemoglobin proteins?

A

HbA1C

35
Q

If insulin is absent or non functioning, glucose cannot enter cells so all energy must be derived from ___, leading to the production of _____. What does this mean / lead to?

A
  • derived from fats, leading to acetyl coa production
  • because glucose is used to make oxaloacetate (?) there is insufficient amounts to react with acetyl coa from fatty acid oxidation
  • so acetyl CoA builds up bc oxaloacetate cannot replenish the TCA cycle
  • acetyl coa will be used for ketone body production
  • can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis
36
Q

What two processes does insulin stimulate in the liver?

A

glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis

37
Q

What two tissues are not insulin dependent?

A

brain and liver

38
Q
A