Online quizzes

Question 1

is metabolism the sum total of catabolism and anabolism?

Answer 1

yes

Question 2

Is the energy produced from catabolism captured as ATP?

Answer 2

yes

Question 3

Does metabolism refer to the sum total chemical reactions that lead to breakdown or synthesis or biomolecules?

Answer 3

yes

Question 4

What is an amphibolic pathway?

Answer 4

it can function both catabolically and anabolically

Question 5

If delta G is negative, does the reaction favour the forward or reverse reaction?

Answer 5

Forward

Question 6

How much ATP do we consume daily?

Answer 6

80kg

Question 7

Which carrier is an activated carrier of electrons used in biosynthetic reactions?

Answer 7

NADPH

Question 8

Many activated carriers are

Answer 8

derived from B vitamins

Question 9

Why is too much fructose bad?

Answer 9

metabolized in a way that it passes the main regulatory point in glycolysis, leads to excess flow and too much fat

Question 10

What is net ATP thru glycolysis?

Answer 10

2

Question 11

Converting pyruvate to what produces the most energy>

Answer 11

Acetyl CoA

Question 12

Galactose produced from lactose degradation can be metabolized to what?

Answer 12

Glucose 6p

Question 13

What is the main regulatory enzyme of glycolysis?

Answer 13

PFK

Question 14

What is an allosteric activator of PFK in liver?

Answer 14

Fructose 2,6 bisp

Question 15

what is the final enzyme in gluconeogenesis?

Answer 15

glucose 6 phosphatase

Question 16

What are three precursors for gluconeogenesis?

Answer 16

pyruvate, glycerol and lactate

Question 17

What type of reaction does fructose 1 6 bisphosphatase catalyze?

Answer 17

Hydrolysis reaction

Question 18

How many glycerol molecules are needed to make 1 glucose?

Answer 18

2

Question 19

What bodily condition would cause gluconeogenesis to be active in the liver?

Answer 19

Sleep

Question 20

When does the cori cycle occur?

Answer 20

When oxygen in muscle is limiting

Question 21

The PPP is linked to glycolysis through what molecule?

Answer 21

glyceraldehyde 3p

Question 22

What is oxidized in the oxidative phase of PPP?

Answer 22

glucose 6p

Question 23

Why is PPP important?

Answer 23

Provides 5 carbon sugar for nucleotide synthesis

Question 24

What do transketolase and transaldolase do?

Answer 24

help cell deal with imbalance in need for reducing equivalent and ribose 5p
- some products are glycolytic intermediates

Question 25

Where can free glucose go when it enters the cell?

Answer 25

glycolysis or PPP

Question 26

The regulation of PPP...

Answer 26

involves stimulation by high levels of NADP+, occurs by an allosteric mechanism

Question 27

How many ribulose 5p molecules are produced per NADPH in PPP?

Answer 27

0.5

Question 28

Where in the cell is the PPP?

Answer 28

cytosol

Question 29

What part of glycogen means it can be quickly synthesized or degraded?

Answer 29

branched structure

Question 30

How frequently do 1-6 linkages occur?

Answer 30

10 residues apart

Question 31

What enzyme changes glucose 6p to glucose 1p

Answer 31

phosphoglucomutase

Question 32

What are the products of the reaction catalyzed by glycogen phosphorylase?

Answer 32

glucose 1p and glycogen that is one molecule shorter

Question 33

debranching enzyme...

Answer 33

differs from glycogen phosphorylase in that it releases free glucose

Question 34

Glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase share what property?

Answer 34

both are activated by camp

Question 35

_____ is one of the products of the reaction catalyzed by the PDH, it can enter the _____

Answer 35

Acetyl CoA, it can enter the citric acid cycle

Question 36

What does the Warburg effect refer to?

Answer 36

the feature of tumors to metabolize glucose into lactate instead of pyruvate even in the presence of oxygen

Question 37

The high energy electrons that are generated in the citric acid cycle are initially captured in the form of _____

Answer 37

NADH and FADH2

Question 38

How many CO2 molecules are released during one round of the citric acid cycle?

Answer 38

2

Question 39

The substrates for the first reaction in the citric acid cycle are?

Answer 39

acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate

Question 40

Why is regulation of the citric acid cycle necessary?

Answer 40

because the acetyl CoA that enters the cycle is derived from multiple pathways

Question 41

in addition to capturing high energy electrons through the oxidation of acetyl coa, another important function of the citric acid cycle is:

Answer 41

to provide intermediates for the synthesis of other biomolecules

Question 42

The two products of the electron transport chain are:

Answer 42

H2O and ATP

Question 43

What cellular compartment are the ETC complexes located?

Answer 43

inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 44

What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC?

Answer 44

O2

Question 45

What is the issue with reactive oxygen species?

Answer 45

they are highly reactive within many biomolecules in the cell

Question 46

triacylglycerol degradation in adipose tissues releases ____

Answer 46

fatty acids

Question 47

Which biomolecule facilitates the transport of fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix?

Answer 47

Carnitine

Question 48

Every round of beta oxidation releases ____ _____ molecules except the last one which releases ____

Answer 48

one acetyl coa, two

Question 49

There is no ____ directly generated in beta oxidation?

Answer 49

ATP

Question 50

Does beta oxidation involve a dehydration step?

Answer 50

no

Question 51

The oxidation of odd chain fatty acids produces ____

Answer 51

propionyl CoA which is converted to an intermediate of the citric acdi cycle

Question 52

Ketone bodies are synthesized in what part of what organ?

Answer 52

mitochondria of the liver

Question 53

The oxidation of fatty acids generates more energy than glucose because:

Answer 53

They are more reduced than glucose and thus generate more high energy electrons

Question 54

Fatty acids cannot be used to supply carbons for ____

Answer 54

glucose syntehsis

Question 55

How does acetyl coa get form the mitochondria to the cytosol so it can be used in fatty acid synthesis?

Answer 55

it is converted to citrate which can be transported out to the cytosol where it is broken down to oxaloacetate and acetyl coa

Question 56

What does Acyl carrier protein (ACP) do?

Answer 56

acts ass an arm which moves the intermediates of fatty acid synthesis from one enzyme to the next.

Question 57

NADP required for fatty acid synthesis comes from where?

Answer 57

The process of transporting acetyl coa to the cytosol

Question 58

What is required to produce a 19 carbon unsaturated fatty acid?

Answer 58

you must start fatty acid synthesis with propionic acid

Question 59

What is the key regulatory enzyme in fatty acid synthesis?

Answer 59

acetyl coa carboxylase

Question 60

What are three required ingredients for synthesizing palmitate?

Answer 60

ATP, NADPH, Acetyl CoA

Question 61

What do phospholipids and triacylglycerols have in common?

Answer 61

they both have a glycerol backbone

Question 62

Fatty acids are linked to glycerol through what kind of bond?

Answer 62

ester bonds

Question 63

CDP-diacylglycerol is a precursor for what two products?

Answer 63

phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine

Question 64

What molecule is the building block for cholesterol synthesis?

Answer 64

Acetyl CoA

Question 65

What is the main regulatory enzyme in cholesterol synthesis?

Answer 65

HMG CoA reductase

Question 66

Which biomolecule provides the reducing power needed for cholesterol synthesis?

Answer 66

NADPH

Question 67

How do statins lower plasma cholesterol levels?

Answer 67

they inhibit the cholesterol synthetic pathway

Question 68

What is the primary role of LDLs?

Answer 68

To deliver cholesterol to tissues

Question 69

The transamination reaction funnels amino groups into what biomolecule?

Answer 69

glutamate

Question 70

What is the aketoacid product of alanine transamination?

Answer 70

Pyruvate

Question 71

What product of the glutamate dehydrogenase reaction is used for urea synthesis?

Answer 71

NH4+

Question 72

The ammonia that is produced by the spleen is transported to the liver as ____

Answer 72

glutamine

Question 73

Urea is released by the hydrolysis of what molecule?

Answer 73

Arginine

Question 74

Which amino acid is used to deliver ammonium from non muscle tissues to the liver?

Answer 74

Glutamine

Question 75

In the synthesis of a urea molecule, one of the amino groups comes from free ammonium, the other one comes from?

Answer 75

aspartate

Question 76

Which vitamin is a cofactor for aminotransferase reactions?

Answer 76

Vitamin B6 - pyridoxal phosphate

Question 77

Which two amino acids is ammonia initially assimilated into by plants?

Answer 77

glutamate and glutamine

Question 78

Which enzyme serves as the main regulatory point in nitrogen metabolism>

Answer 78

glutamine synthetase

Question 79

S-Adenosylmethionine provides what group during the synthesis of other biomoleculews?

Answer 79

Methyl groups

Question 80

Amino acids can be synthesized from intermediates of what three pathways?

Answer 80

Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, PPP

Question 81

Oxaloacetate is the direct precursor for which amino acid?

Answer 81

Aspartate

Question 82

Which enzyme in serine biosynthesis is allosterically controlled?

Answer 82

3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase

Question 83

Besides glutamine, which other amino acid is a source of amino groups?

Answer 83

glutamate

Question 84

what two biomolecules provide the one carbon units that THF carries?

Answer 84

Serine and formate

Question 85

The major products of nucleic acid digestion in the small intestine are?

Answer 85

nucleosides

Question 86

What is the major end product of purine degredation?

Answer 86

Uric acid

Question 87

What biomolecule provides 4/6 atoms in pyrimidine rings?

Answer 87

aspartate

Question 88

RNR is involved in what process?

Answer 88

synthesizing deoxy shit

Question 89

What is the product of thymidylate synthase?

Answer 89

dTMP

Question 90

5-fluorouracil inhibits which enzyme?

Answer 90

thymidylate synthase

Question 91

What is the major enzyme involved in salvaging purines?

Answer 91

hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase

Question 92

Which organ acts as a glucose sensor?

Answer 92

liver

Question 93

What is the fate of glycerol that is produced in adipose tissue when triacylglycerol is degraded?

Answer 93

it is released into the blood and used in the liver as a substrate for gluconeogenesis

Question 94

Which organ consumes the most glucose>

Answer 94

brain

Question 95

Which organ cannot use fatty acids as an energy source>

Answer 95

brain

Question 96

Which hormone plays the biggest role during starvation?

Answer 96

glucagon

Question 97

Name one metabolic pathway stimulated by insulin

Answer 97

hepatic fatty acid synthesis