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ENST200 > Rocks & Minerals > Flashcards

Rocks & Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What is a rock?

A

An aggregate of minerals of different kinds in varying proportions; has specific characteristics that permit identification in the field and laboratory

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2
Q

What is a mineral?

A

A naturally occurring inorganic substance of fairly definite chemical composition whose constituent atoms are arranged in a regular pattern so as to produce a crystalline form

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3
Q

Quartz

A 
*Hardness: 7 (will not streak)
Streak: --
*Cleavage/Fracture: Conchoidal
*Luster: Vitreous
Common Colors: Color-less, white
Other: 50-90%of sand and silt fraction in soils; 20-30% in granitic rocks
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4
Q

Orthoclase

A

*Hardness: 6
*Streak: White
*Cleavage/Fracture: Good in two directions about 90d
Luster: Vitreous
Common Colors: *Flesh pink, grey (micro-cline if deep green)
Other: Common in acidic igneous rocks; mostly in sand and silt; *important source of K

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5
Q

Plagioclase

A

*Hardness: 6
*Streak: Color-less
*Cleavage/Fracture: Good in two directions 94d
Luster: Vitreous to pearly
Common Colors: Color-less, white, red, grey
Other: Striations on the basal cleavage plane

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6
Q

Muscovite

A

Hardness: 2-2.5
Streak: Color-less
*Cleavage/Fracture: Good in one direction giving folia
Luster: Vitreous to pearly
Common Colors: Color-less to light yellow
Other: Common in soils weathered from crystalline rocks; common in granites, gneiss, and schists; common in sand fractions and clays

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7
Q

Biotite

A 
Hardness: 2.5-3
Streak: Color-less
*Cleavage/Fracture: Folia
Luster: Pearly to vitreous
*Common Colors: Black, brown, dark green
Other:
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8
Q

Calcite

A

*Hardness: 3
Streak: Color-less
Cleavage/Fracture: Perfect in three directions 75d – forms rhombohedra
Luster: Vitreous
*Common Colors: White colorless or some tint
Other: Occurs in the Ck horizons of arid soils; used to correct soil acidity; *effervesces freely with dilute, cold HCl

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9
Q

Dolomite

A

Hardness: 3.5-4
Streak: Color-less
Cleavage/Fracture: Perfect in 3 directions 73d
Luster: Vitreous
*Common Colors: Pink, flesh, white
Other: effervesces only slightly with HCl, powder effervesces freely

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10
Q

Apatite

A

Hardness: 5
Streak: White
Cleavage/Fracture: Conchoidal fracture, poor cleavage in one direction
Luster: Vitreous
Common Colors: Green, it may be brown or red
Other: Only common soil mineral containing phosphorous; occurs in all types of rocks

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11
Q

Olivine

A

Hardness: 6.5-7
Streak: Pale green to white if any
*Cleavage/Fracture: Conchoidal fracture
Luster: Vitreous
*Common Colors: Olive to grayish-green or brown
Other: usually found as *granular masses; common in basic rocks such as gabbro basalt

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12
Q

Horneblend

A

Hardness: 5-6
Streak: Color-less
*Cleavage/Fracture: Prismatic at 56d and 124d
Luster: Vitreous or silky
*Common Colors: Black or dark green
Other: *Common in igneous and metamorphic rocks; crystals are like long prisms

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13
Q

Serpentine

A

Hardness: 2-5
Streak: Colorless
Cleavage/Fracture: COnchoidal fracture often fibrous crystals
*Luster: Greasy
*Common Colors: Variegated greens
Other: Rich source of Mg for plants - may even be harmful

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14
Q

Hematite

A 
Hardness: 5.5
*Streak: Dusky red
Cleavage/Fracture: Uneven fracture
Luster: Metallic if crystalline
Common Colors: Black to reddish-brown
Other: Important as iron ore; some can occur in sand and silt fractions
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15
Q

Limonite (“Goethite”)

A 
Hardness: 5.0-5.5
*Streak: Yellow-brown
Cleavage/Fracture: --
Luster: --
Common Colors: Dark brown to black
Other: Abundant in oxisols, ironstones, and B horizons
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16
Q

Pyrite

A

*Hardness: 6-6.5
*Streak: Green to brownish-black
Cleavage/Fracture: Uneven fracture
*Luster: Metallic
*Common Colors: Brass yellow
Other: Occurs in all types of rocks but significant in sedimentary rocks or clays associated with coal seams for its acid mine drainage

17
Q

Gypsum

A

*Hardness: 2.0
Streak: Colorless
Cleavage/Fracture: Good cleavage in one direction
*Luster: Vitreous, pearly, or silky
Common Colors: Colorless white or grey
Other: Common in soils of arid regions; occurs in sedimentary rocks; used to reclaim sodic soils and as a calcium fertilizer

18
Q

Syenite

A

Type: Igneous
Mineralogy: Mostly Orthoclase, small amounts of biotite and hornblende
Texture: Coarse-grained
Other:

19
Q

Granite

A

Type: Igneous
Mineralogy: Orthoclase, Quartz, small amounts of plagioclase, biotite, and hornblende
Texture: Coarse-grained
Other:

20
Q

Rhyolite

A

Type: Igneous
Mineralogy: Orthoclase, Quartz, small amounts of plagioclase, biotite, and hornblende
Texture: Fine-grained
Other:

21
Q

Gabbro

A

Type: Igneous
Mineralogy: Plagioclase, Serpentine (and Augite), small amounts of quartz, and hornblende
Texture: Coarse-grained
Other:

22
Q

Basalt

A

Type: Igneous
Mineralogy: Plagioclase, Serpentine (and Augite), small amounts of quartz, and hornblende
Texture: Fine-grained
Other:

23
Q

Obsidian

A

Type: Igneous
Mineralogy: Orthoclase, Quartz, small amounts of plagioclase, biotite, and horneblend
Texture: Glassy
Other:

24
Q

Gneiss

A

Type: Metamorphic
Mineralogy: Quartz, feldspar, and micas common
Texture: Coarse, medium, fine, granular
Other: Color foliation, little to no cleavage

25
Q

Phyllite

A

Type: Metamorphic
Mineralogy: mica noticeable, clay minerals not visible
Texture: Aphanitic to fine granular
Other: Finely foliated; splits easily with flakes barely visible on surfaces; commonly has a silky sheen

26
Q

Schist

A

Type: Metamorphic
Mineralogy: Micas predominant
Texture: Coarse, medium, fine, granular
Other: finely foliated, common metamorphic rock

27
Q

Marble

A

Type: Metamorphic
Mineralogy: Calcite, dolomite, serpentines
Texture: Coarse to fine; rarely aphanitic
Other: Massive structure

28
Q

Slate

A

Type: Metamorphic
Mineralogy: minerals seldom visible
Texture: Aphanitic to granular
Other: Finely foliated, split into thin planes - smooth surface

29
Q

Shale

A

Type: Sedimentary
Mineralogy:
Texture: Fine, cemented
Other: split into thin places

30
Q

Sandstone

A

Type: Sedimentary
Mineralogy: Quartz, Calcite
Texture: Coarse
Other:

31
Q

Limestone (Calcitic)

A

Type: Sedimentary
Mineralogy:
Texture: Fine
Other:

32
Q

Limestone (Dolomitic)

A

Type: Sedimentary
Mineralogy:
Texture: Fine
Other:

33
Q

Conglomerate

A

Type: Sedimentary
Mineralogy:
Texture: Very coarse
Other:

34
Q

Give at least four examples of Igneous rocks.

A

Syenite, Granite, Rhyolite, Gabbro, Basalt, Obsidian

35
Q

Give at least four examples of Metamorphic rocks.

A

Gneiss, Phyllite, Schist, Marble, Slate

36
Q

Give at least four examples of Sedimentary rocks.

A

Shale, Sandstone, Limestone, Conglomerate

ENST200 (7 decks)

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