Rocks (Chapter 9) Flashcards
What substance are rocks made from, and can be found in biological bodies
Minerals
The outermost layer of the Earth, including the crust
Lithosphere
A combination of hot gases and rocks, below the Earth’s surface
Magma
Broken down material from erosion or weathering, where it is collected in layers from water or wind
Sediments
Uncombined elements found in the Earths crust
Native-Elements
A geometrically-shaped substance made up of atoms and molecules arranged in one of seven different shapes. The elements that make up a crystal and the conditions present during the crystal’s growth determine the arrangement of atoms and molecules and the shape of the crystals.
Crystal
The appearance of a mineral from the way it reflects light, including glassy, waxy, metallic, dull, pearly, silky or brilliant
Lustre
color of a mineral as a fine powder, found by rubbing it onto an unglazed white ceramic tile
Streak
A measure of how difficult it is to scratch the surface of a solid material. The hardness rating of a mineral is determined by comparison with ten standard minerals.
Hardness
Rocks that form from the cooling of lava or magma as it is thrown through the air from a volcanic eruption
Igneous Rocks
Igneous rock that forms when lava cools above the Earth’s surface
Extrusive Rocks
A pale rock that forms when frothy lava cools in the air
Pumice
A dark, igneous rock formed from gassy lava that cools quickly
Scoria
A property of a material or substance that easily scratches another
Abrasive
A dark, igneous rock with small crystals formed by fast cooling of hot lava. It sometimes has holes that once contained volcanic gases
Basalt
A black, glassy rock that breaks into pieces with smooth shell-like surfaces
Obsidian
Igneous rock that forms when magma cools below the Earth’s surface
Intrusive Rocks
Intrusive rock mass that measures more than 100 kilometres across
Batholiths
a hard, igneous rock with different-coloured crystals large enough to see. It forms slowly below the Earth’s surface
Granite
Rocks made from movement
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Rocks made from the remains of living organisms
Organic Sedimentary Rocks
Rocks made from erosion where the minerals are left behind, combining into a crystal.
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
When weathering and movement affect a rock
Erosion
A dead object that has been buried underground for many many years
Fossils
Large bodies of ice that move down slopes and push boulders, rocks and gravel in front of them
Glaciers
Deposit left by movement of a glacier
Moraines
Sedimentary rock containing large particles of various sizes cemented together
Conglomerate
A rock that changes form due to heat and pressure
Metamorphic Rocks
The process that changes rocks by extreme pressure or heat
Metamorphism
A fine-grained metamorphic rock formed as a result of moderate heat and pressure on shale
Slate
A metamorphic rock formed as a result of great pressure on limestone
Marble
A coarse-grained metamorphic rock formed mainly as a result of great pressure on granite
Gneiss
A sedimentary rock with medium-sized grains. The sand grains are cemented together by silica, lime or other salts
Sandstone
A fine-grained, sedimentary rock without layering
Mudstone
A fine-grained sedimentary rock formed in layers by the consolidation of clay
Shale
A sedimentary rock with a particle size between that of sandstone and mudstone
Siltstone
The process of rocks changing
Rock Cycle
Rocks mined to obtain a metal or other chemical within them
Mineral Ores
Extraction of natural resources from the Earth
Mining
Study of the possible effects of a planned project on the environment
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
Restored to its previous condition
Rehabilitated
Waste rock removed from below the topsoil. This rock is replaced when the area is restored
Overburden
Mining that scours out soil and rocks on the surface of the land
Open Cut Mining
Mining that uses shafts and tunnels to remove rock from deep below the surface
Underground Mining
The buckling of rocks. It is caused when rocks are under pressure from both sides
Folding
A scientist who studies fossils
Palaeontologist
The age of a rock compared with the age of another rock
Relative Age
Animal that eats other animals
Carnivores
Animals that eat dead plant and animal material
Scavengers
Cavity in a rock that shows the shape of the hard parts of an organism; types of fungi found growing on the surface of foods
Mould
When a species/object now longer lives
Extinct
