ROCKS AND MINERALS Flashcards
What is a rock?
Rocks are naturally occurring, solid, and consolidated materials composed of one or more minerals or mineraloids.
They are an essential component of the Earth’s crust and come in a variety of types, shapes, sizes, and colours.
They have been cemented together, squeezed and heated together, or melted and cooled together.
Chemical properties of rocks?
Melting point
Boiling point
Composition of minerals
Solubility
Porosity
Physical properties?
Solid
Different colours
Porosity
Taste
Smell Rigid
Types of rocks
Igneous - fire
Sedimentary- minerals deposited by water
Metaphoric- change form
Igneous rocks?
Igneous rocks form from the solidification and cooling of molten lava rock material, also known as magma or lava. The parent material is magma.
Types of igneous rocks:
Intrusive
Extrusive
Properties or intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks?
INTRUSIVE:
Formed from magma in earths crust
Located inside of earth
Slow rate of cooling
Large size of crystals
Coarse texture
Examples are granite, gabro, diorite
EXTRUSIVE:
Formed from lava on earths surface
Located on earths surface
Rate of cooling in quick
Small crystals
Fine texture
Examples are obsidian, pumice, rhyolite
Sedimentary rocks?
Are formed through the process of sedimentation, which involves the accumulation and compaction of mineral and organic particles or sediments over time.
Include sand, silt, clay, gravel.
Can form anywhere.
Steps in the formation of sedimentary rocks?
Weathering: breaking up of rocks into smaller pieces. Done by wind, water, and rain
Erosion: movement and transportation of rock pieces.
WEATHER AND EROSION ARE BOTH DONE BY THE SAME PROCESSES SO THEY HAPPEN AT THE SAME TIME.
Deposition: pieces of rocks come to a rest on a surface, usually near river banks.
Compaction: compressing rocks together when weight builds up.
Lithification: dissolves minerals crystallize and cement together.
Types of sedimentary rocks?
Clastic:
Conglomerate: composed of pieces pebble size or larger.
Sandstone: composed of sand size pieces.
Shale: composed of pieces smaller than fine sand.
Chemical:
Limestone: a whitish or greyish rock made of the mineral calcite.
Rock salt, iron ore, chert, flint, some Dolomites, and more.
Organic:
Coal, lignite, oil shale, or black shale
Chalk
Limestone with fossils
Coquina
Metamorphic rocks:
Metamorphic rocks are formed from pre/existing rocks, either igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks, through a process called metamorphism. Metamorphism involves the alteration of existing rocks due to changes in temperature, pressure, and often the presence of chemically active fluids.
Parent rock is protolith.
Foliated and non-foliated rocks?
FOLIATED:
foliated rocks are formed by regional metamorphism. They have layers and bands. They are formed within the earths interior. This is from extremely high temperature and unequal pressure. Better identified on the basis of their structure.
Examples are slate, serpentine, Gneiss
NON-FOLIATED:
are formed by contact metamorphism. They have a coarse structure, no layers,
Examples are marble, Quartzine.
What is metamorphism:
Transformation of the rocks mineralogy and physical components.
What is a mineral?
A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic solid with an orderly crystalline structure and a definite homogenous chemical composition
What are some examples of important economical materials?
Salt
Iron
Aluminum
Coal
Copper
Lead
Tin
Composition of one rock?
MARBLE:
calcite, dolomite, or serpentine.
38–42% Lime (CaO),
20–25% Silica (SiO2),
2–4% Alumina (Al2O3),
1.5–2.5% oxides (NaO and MgO),
30–32% (MgCO3 and others).
Indigenous use of rocks?
1) landmarks and navigation, like stone people inukshuks
2) water management, like dams
3) Medicine: thought some rocks had healing powers for certain ailments
4) Grinding: used rocks to crush materials like insects.
Mineral group examples?
Carbonate
Halides
Hydroxide
Native element
Phosphate
Oxide
Silicate
Sulfate
Sulfide
Silicates contain
Silicon
Oxygen
Quartz is SiO2
Carbonates
Carbon
Oxygen
One or more metallic elements
Dolomite
Oxides
Oxygen
One or more other elements
Iron oxide
Sulfates and sulfides contain
Sulfer
One or more other elements
Iron sulfide is Pyrite
Halides contain
Halogen ions like Cl2 F2 Br2 I2
One or more other elements
Flourite
Properties of minerals
Crystalline structure: halite, pyrite, diamonds and quartz
Color
Hardness
Luster: metallic (pyrite) and non metallic
Cleavage: tendency of a mineral to break along a plane to make a flat surface.
Fracture:
Specific gravity: ratio of density of mineral to density of water.
Magnetism: minerals have a magnetic field.
Radioactivity:
Magnetism:
Tenacity:
Reactivity to dilute acids
What are non-renewable sources of minerals?
Metallic resources
Non-metallic resources
Energy resiurces
Metallic resources examples:
Iron
Tin
Copper
Aluminum
Hold
Platinum (PGE’s)
Non-Metallic resources?
Salt
Clay
Sand
Phosphates
Soil
Energy resources?
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Uranium
How are buried mineral deposits found in
Aerial photos
Satellite image
Radiation measuring equipment
Magnetometer: measures changes in magnetic field from minerals.
Gravimeter- measures differences in gravity caused by differences in density.
How are buried mineral deposits found?
Surface and sub-surface mining
Impacts of using mineral resources
1) Scarring and disruption of land surfaces
2) noise pollution from machines
3) emission of toxic chemicals into the atmosphere
4) Acid mine drainage
5) thermal water pollution
6) wind or water erosion of toxic mineral wastes.
7) collapse of land above mines
8) acid percipitation
9) tailings
10) erosion
