Hydrosphere Flashcards
What is hydrosphere?
The totality of water surrounding the Earth, comprising all the bodies of water, ice, and wader vapour in the atmosphere.
i.e.
water held in oceans, glaciers, rivers, lakes, groundwater, soil, and air.
Approximately 71% of Earth’s surface is covered in water. Of all that water, only about 3% is fresh water. Even a smaller amount could be used as drinking water.
What are the components of the hydrosphere?
1) Oceans
2) Glaciers (cryosphere)
3) Atmospheric water vapours
4) Freshwater
5) Surface and groundwater
How much water is used by humans?
0.03% is used by humans.
Water is used by humans.
Origin of water on Earth?
1) Degasification theory
2) water vapour, CO, CO2, Ammonia, sulfer, HCl, Argon, H came to earth during lava degasification resulting into water.
3) acid rains to underlying water results to alkali earth.
4) collisions with comets
Bring compounds of water over as ice particles near the sun melt and condense into earths atmosohere
5) 4-40% water
6) Glacation
Formation of glacier as earth used to be covered in ice sheets of water.
7) Lower H20 Level
8) Mountains and ice
Why is water essential for all living things?
They use it to grow, reproduced and carry out all natural processes.
Why is water essential to life?
Plants use it to grow and carry out natural processes.
Why is water a universal solvent?
– water is known as the universal solvent because many substances dissolve it in.
Water is a polar molecule. It dissolves all the substances in it due to its structure. The structure involves hydrogen bonds.
I
Differences in electronegativity make it a polar molecule as H atoms from one water molecule are attracted to 0 atom in another molecule.
This causes cohesion and surface tension which means it can dissolve more and more substances.
Water has a partial charge meaning it attracts other molecules
What is surface tension?
Surface tension is the property of a liquid that allows it to resist external forces on its surface due to the cohesive nature of the molecules. molecules on surface of water cause a tightness, almost giving water a “skin”
This is due to cohesion of the molecules that attracts the molecules together. This phenomenon causes droplets of water. The water molecules on the surface are pulled together by strong hydrogen bonds.
It allows water to stay as droplets on leaves.
Capillary action and feeding plants?
Allows water to nice through pores or narrow spaces. This occurs because of then he adhesive and cohesive forces and water molecules and other surfaces involved.
Water is attracted to the molecules of the plant they are travelling up like stems. They are also attracted to each other due to cohesive forces.
what is density and what does it depend on?
The weight of the water per unit volume, which depends on the temperature of water.
What is cohesion?
The attraction between individual water molecules that creates a bond known as a hydrogen bond.
Adhesion?
A bond forms between the negative side of one water molecule and the positive side of another.
Cohesion means water likes to stick to itself. Adhesion means it likes to stick to other things.
Transpiration:
When plants take up liquid water from the soil and release water vapour into the air from their leaves.
Condensation?
Process of changing gas into a liquid
Evaporation:
Process of liquid changing to gas at surface
Melting
Solid to liquid through heat
Paper towel experiment?
Capillary action allows the water to creep up by flowing up through the narrow spaces of the porous towel.
Adhesion: water molecules are attracted to the molecules of the towel which pulls water into gaps in the towel.
Cohesion: helps create a continuous flow of water as they are attracted to eachother.
Introduction to water?
Water behaves different from other liquids due to its polarity . Water expands as a solid, has a neutral ph, and has a high specific heat
Differences in electronegativity make water a polar molecule. H atoms from one water molecule are attracted to the o molecules in another molecule.
Water behaves differently from other liquids due to its polarity. Waters polarity is caused by the attraction of atoms in the molecule. Water moved the the earth and earths atmosphere by the water cycle.
Weather and water?
We have cold weather as we are not near any water. This is because temperature is stable when the water is close to the land as water has a high specific heat capacity so it takes a lot of heat to change the temperature.
What are waters unique properties
Universal solvent
Surface tension
Capillary action
Changing state: water can change into all states of matter (solid, liquid, gas) within Earth’s temperature range.
Evaporation, condensation, melting
Steps of the water cycle?
Evaporation from oceans, lakes, and streams.
Transpiration
Condensation
Percipitation
Surface runoff
Infiltration
Groundwater that goes to lakes again or to aquifers.
Water cycle step explanations? ECTP
Evaporation:
Most takes place over the ocean. When the sun warms up liquid water turns into water vapour.
Condensation:
Clouds form as water vapour cool. When water vapour turns into liquid water.
Transpiration:
Plants release water to air through leaved. The process of water moving through a plant and changing to vapour before being released into the atmosphere.
Percipitation:
Water droplets in clouds become heavy and fall back down on to Earth. The product of condensation that falls from the sky.
Ex: rain sleet hail and snow
When it falls it can:
Be stored on land surfaces as snow or ice
Infiltrates to the upper parts of the lithosphere
Flow over earths surface as run off
Be evaporated or undergo transpiration
What is infiltration
The process by which water enters a substance.
What factors effect infiltration?
Slope of the land:
Steep slopes do not give time for water to infiltrate the ground.
Degree of saturation:
The amount of water already in the ground.
Porosity:
The percentage of open space (pores and cracks) in the ground. Mathematically it is the open space in the rocks divided by the total rock volume. Soul with higher porosity have more pore space and higher infiltration.
Permeability:
A measure of easily water flows through a porous solid.
Capillary action:
The action by which water moves against the downward pull of gravity
Vegetation:
Plants absorb water from the ground.
Hydrologic cycle explanation?
Water recycles itself.
Water evaporates from the surface of oceans. As it lifts, it cools and condenses in the form of clouds made of water droplets and tiny ice crystals.
This moisture returns to the earth as precipitation in the form of rain snow sleet or hail.
When water reaches earth, 2 things can happen: some of it evaporates again while the rest penetrates the surface and becomes groundwater.
Groundwater can seep into water bodies or go into aquifers, or it can be released into the atmosphere through transpiration, where pores in leaves give off water vapour.
Some water isn’t absorbed by plants so it becomes ground water. So it becomes surface run off that runs into lakes.
Aquifer experiment?
An aquifer is a body of porous rock or sediment saturated with groundwater.
Fill a tub with sediments. Heaviest sediments go first, so gravel and rocks, then sand, then topsoil.
If water is above the water table, then we have a lake. If below the water table, we have a zone of saturation.
Pump is a well in the zone of saturation.
Artesian wells?
Water volume is always distributed evenly.
The water table is the level it would reach if it was distributed equally.
Formed when a porous layer of rocks falls between two impermeable rock layers.
If the porous layer is inclined, the water is prevented from reaching the water table.
Higher table means greater water pressure.
Water rises up well to reach the water table.
Natural force does not require external man made force its natural.
Only pumps from a specific place.
Where is earths water?
2% of the earths water is freshwater.
Only 1.2% of that is available for living things.
