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Rob Reeves Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four stages of Piaget’s model?

A
  1. Sensorimotor (0-2)
  2. Prepoperational (2-7)
  3. Concerete operational (7-12)
  4. Formal operational (12+)
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2
Q

When do kids grow out of the conservation stage (according to Piaget - index of pre-operational intelligence)

A

~five years (onset of operational intelligence)

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3
Q

In the context of Piaget’s pre-operational stage/ operational stage distinction what is ‘multiple classification’

A

the ability to classify objects as belonging to two or more categories at the same time.

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4
Q

In the context of Piaget’s pre-operational stage/ operational stage distinction what is seriation

A

Put things in order

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5
Q

In the context of Piaget’s pre-operational stage/ operational stage distinction what is deductive reasoning

A

The ability to draw a logical inference from two or more pieces of information.

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6
Q

What’s dual representation? (Delouche)

A

The map/model thing - coordinating information

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7
Q

What are the three categories kids start dividing the world into by ~3

A
  1. inanimate objects
  2. people
  3. living things
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8
Q

Why is the significance of categorical thinking implied by Object Hierarchies relevant

A

Because they mean that by ~3 kids are able to think about more than one thing, which Piaget said they couldn’t until operational stage (~5)

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9
Q

When do kids start categorising by shape and function

A

~2 (which he says is inconsistent with P)

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10
Q

When do kids understand that plants are alive

A

~7-9

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11
Q

What is ‘nativist’ versus ‘empiricist’ models of childhood understanding (of say, biology)

A

nativist is evolutionary, in the sense that we are born with a ‘biology module’

Empiricists - more a blank slate idea, and the kids understanding builds up from personal observations and info they receive

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12
Q

In today’s categories of ‘nativist’ and ‘empiricist’ theories of childhood development, what was Plato?

A

Nativist

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13
Q

What were Piaget’s two key ideas, as reported by Robert Reeve?

A
  1. ‘Qualitative change’ in children’s thought

2. ‘Invariant sequence’ in pattern of thought

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14
Q

According to Piaget, when do kids acquire a sense of object permanence

A

9 months

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15
Q

What is the name of the construct being measured when we sit a child across a table and test whether they understand what the table contents looks like to another?

A

Perspective taking

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16
Q

According to Piaget, what is they key characteristic of the Pre-operational stage

A

Child begins to develop mental representations

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17
Q

According to Piaget, what years are kids in the preoperational stage?

A

2 - 6/7

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18
Q

According to Piaget, what years are kids in the Concrete-Operational stage?

A

7/8 to 11/12

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19
Q

According to Piaget, what is they key characteristic of the Concrete-Operational stage?

A

Kids manipulate mentally internal representation

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20
Q

When do kids mostly get conserving sorted out in their heads?

A

6-7

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21
Q

In relations to conserving, the last one kids get is water displacement.. at what age?

A

9-12

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22
Q

What are the four arenas of conservation that we learned about?

A

L M N D

  1. Liquids (beakers)
  2. Mass (dough)
  3. Number (beads)
  4. Displacement (clay in water)

L M N D

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23
Q

Is an ‘information processing’ view of childhood development associated with a staged or continuous mode of development?

A

Continuous

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24
Q

Who was the rediscovered ‘marxist’ psychologist?

A

Vgotsky

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25
What did Vygotsky emphasise?
Socialisation / social context
26
What's the big idea in Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?
Zone of proximal development
27
Who came up with the Zone of proximal development (ZPD) idea?
Vygotsky
28
What is the 'babinski' reflex?
Fanning out of toes when foot is stroked
29
Babies fan out of toes when foot is stroked. What is this reflex called?
Babinski
30
What is the 'rooting' reflex?
Head turn with mouth open when touched on check
31
Babies turn their head and open their mouth when touched on the cheek. What is this reflex called
Rooting
32
What is the 'moro' reflex?
Outstretched arms and arched back when startled or loss of support.
33
When babies are startled or lose support, they outstretch arms and arch their back. What is this reflex called?
Moro
34
When to infants acquire colour perception?
1 month
35
Who's work showed that massage was good for babies in heaps of deleterious situations?
Tiffany Field?
36
What did Tiffany Field show?
Massage is good for babies in heaps of deleterious situations?
37
Who's work showed that newborns can recognise Mum's voice?
DeCasper
38
What did DeCasper's work show?
Newborns can recognise Mum's voice
39
What did Eimas & Jusyck's work show?
Preparedness for language
40
What did MacFarlane show?
That newborns refer the smell of their mum to that of a lactating stranger
41
What did Cernoch and Porter show?
Bottle fed infants prefer the scent of lactating females
42
Who showed that bottle fed infants prefer the scent of lactating females?
Cernoch and Porter
43
Who showed that newborns refer the smell of their mum to that of a lactating stranger?
MacFarlane
44
What are the 6 primary emotions?
1. Anger 2. Interest 3. Fear 4. Disgust 5. Joy 6. Sadness A I F D J S
45
How soon are expressions imitated by babies?
3 days!
46
Who did the Strange Situation Test?
Ainsworth (1978)
47
What was Ainsworth (1978) renown for?
The Strange Situation Test
48
How does Ainsworth divide up the attachment styles?
1. Secure 2. Anxious - resistant (like anxious) 3. Anxious - avoidant (like avoidant)
49
Fetuses can hear and learn sounds during the final ___ months of the pregnancy
Two
50
In which of Piaget's stages would we likely see children failing the 'three mountains task' and holding egocentric conversations?
Pre-operational state (3-6)
51
According to Piaget, how many substages are there in the sensorimotor stage?
Six
52
What infant behaviours do we use to 'index' their grasp of object permanency?
Search behaviours
53
What are the three 'hiding place' protocols that Bob discussed in relation to Piaget's sensorimotor stage?
1. Simple hiding problem (mastered 6-9 months) 2. Changed hiding place (mastered 10-12 months) 3. Invisible displacement (mastered by 18 months)
54
Beyond Piaget, we were introduced to two other developmental theories. What were they?
1. Information processing theories | 2. Core knowledge theories
55
What is Renee Baillargeon (1987) known for?
A classic test of object permanence | rotating screen, box, impossible event etc
56
Who conducted the classic test of object permanence in which a rotating screen appeared to pass through a box...
Renee Baillargeon (1987)
57
According to 'core knowledge' theorists, systems are limited in three ways. Name them
D T E 1. Domain specific (each system represent only a small subset of the things and events that infants perceive) 2. Task specific (each system functions to solve a limited set of problems) 3. Encapsulated (each system operates with a fair degree of independence from other cognitive systems) D T E
58
At birth, the brain is what percentage of it's adult weight? What about at 2 years of age?
25% and 75%, respectively
59
In early-middle childhood, the body grows on average how may centimetres per year?
6cm
60
In early-middle childhood, the body gains on average how may kilograms in weight per year?
2.25kg
61
Typically speaking, at what age can children successfully use a scale model to locate a hidden toy in a room? (Dual representation)
Age 3
62
Children divide the world of objects into three categories. What are they?
1. inanimate objects 2. people 3. living things
63
When infants (sensorimotor stage) categorise things, they group objects based on similarity of appearance. What is the name given to this form of categorisation?
Perceptual categorisation
64
When children reach early pre-operational stage, they start to form categories based on two factors (beyond appearance, which they start using in infancy)
1. Shape, and | 2. Function
65
As children reach early pre-operational stage, their ability to form categories expands to include shape and function. What are two trends that underlie this enhanced capability?
1. increased understanding of CATEGORICAL HIERARCHIES | 2. increased understanding of CAUSAL CONNECTIONS
66
According to Taylor (1999), up to what percentage of children have imaginary friends (between ages 3 and 8)
63%
67
What is Poulin-Dubois (1999) known for?
A study showing infants were surprised when a robot moved. | Thereby indicating that they understood that inanimate objects do not typically act agentially
68
Who undertook the study that showed infants were surprised when a robot moved. (Thereby indicating that they understood that inanimate objects do not typically act agentially) (hint: french)
Poulin-Dubois (1999)
69
When do kids typically work out that plants are alive?
7-9 years
70
Who was the guy who initiated the systematic study of intelligence? (hint: rhymes with bidet)
Binet (1904)
71
What is Binet (1904) known for?
Initiating the systematic study of intelligence.
72
There are multiple theoretical conceptualisations of intelligence. One conceptualisation sees intelligence as comprising TWO distinct forms. What are they?
1. Crystallised intelligence | 2. Fluid intelligence
73
There are multiple theoretical conceptualisations of intelligence. One conceptualisation sees intelligence as comprising SEVEN distinct forms. Who is associated with this way of thinking about intelligence?
Thurstone
74
What is Thurstone known for?
The intelligence-has-seven-forms guy
75
There are multiple theoretical conceptualisations of intelligence. One conceptualisation sees intelligence as comprising THREE STRATUMs. Who is associated with this way of thinking about intelligence?
Carroll
76
What is Carroll associated with?
The 'three stratum theory' of intelligence
77
What is the name for the most widely used intelligence test for 6 years and up?
Wäscher Intelligence test for Children (WISC)
78
There are multiple theoretical conceptualisations of intelligence. One conceptualisation sees intelligence as comprising EIGHT sub-types. Who is associated with this way of thinking about intelligence?
Howard Gardner
79
What is Howard Gardner associated with?
The multiple intelligences theory (EIGHT subtypes)
80
What are the EIGHT types of intelligence proposed by Howard Gardner? TBH I am not expecting to memorise all 8, but familiarity would be good.
L L S M N B I I 1. Linguistic 2. Logical-mathematical 3. Spatial 4. Musical 5. Naturalistic 6. Bodily-kinesthetic 7. Intrapersonal 8. Interpersonal L L S M N B I I
81
Generally speaking, why are children with dyslexia poor at reading?
Because of weak phonological processing | the ability to discriminate and remember sounds within words
82
What percentage of kids have dyslexia?
5-10% | at least in the USA
83
What percentage of kids have dyscalculia?
~8%
84
The Core Knowledge peeps where Spelke and who?
Kinzler
85
According to the Core Knowledge peeps, what are the four domains in which kids are pre-programmed? And what's the suspected fifth one? O A N S + SP
O A N S + SP 1. objects (physics) 2. actions (psychology) 3. number 4. space (geometry) 5. social partners

DEV PSYCH (JC) (7 decks)

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