Road Construction Methods Flashcards
INTRODUCTION
is a structure that link barangays and cities in the country, and serve as medium in transporting goods and commodities from one place to another, and as communication link which brings economic development to a nation.
Road
INTRODUCTION
Classifications of road: according to usage
- National Road
a. ________________________ - the main highway trunk line system that is continuous in extent that goes from province to province and region to region.
b._______________________ -
connects a provincial or national road to a public wharf or railway station.
a. Primary National Road
b. Secondary National Road
INTRODUCTION
Classifications of road: according to usage
- _______________________- connects two municipalities or cities within a province.
Provincial Road
INTRODUCTION
Classifications of road: according to usage
- ______________ - street within the urban area of the city.
City Road
INTRODUCTION
Classifications of road: according to usage
- ___________________ - street within the poblacion area of a municipality.
Municipal Road
INTRODUCTION
Classifications of road: according to usage
- __________________ – street located outside the poblacion area of a municipality or urban area of a city and those outside industrial, commercial areas or residential subdivisions.
Barangay Road
INTRODUCTION
Classifications of road: according to national importance
- ________________ are those roads of national importance. They are frequently used by traffic and leads to vital areas such as major cities and installations. Example of major roads are the those roads classified as National Roads or those which are part of the highway system.
- _________________ are roads which is local in nature as it serves only the interest of the locality such as a street. Minor roads are less frequently used by traffic.
- Major roads
- Minor roads
INTRODUCTION
____________ - can accommodate greater traffic volume.
_________ or road - serves service area connecting to highways.
Highway, Street
INTRODUCTION
Classifications of road: according to surface course
It is the simplest form of road constructed by shaping and smoothing the natural soil traversed by the road line.
Earth road
INTRODUCTION
Classifications of road: according to surface course
Are constructed from natural gravel together with a sufficient amount of good quality soil to serve as binder.
It is sometimes termed as an all weather road.
Gravel road
INTRODUCTION
Classifications of road: according to surface course
It is frequently described as flexible pavement implying its ability to absorb the stresses imposed by traffic and weather without cracking.
Asphalt road
INTRODUCTION
Classifications of road: according to surface course
It is sometimes termed rigid pavement because it is strong in resisting compressive load but weak in resisting tensile stresses.
PCC Pavement road
INTRODUCTION
Main Road Components
_______________ - is the upper layer of natural soil which may be the undisturbed local materials, or soil excavated elsewhere placed as fill.
Subgrade
INTRODUCTION
Main Road Components
_______________________ - are individual stabilizing layers of selected material and designed thickness placed on top of the subgrade to distribute the load transmitted from the surface course.
Aggregate Subbase and Base Courses
INTRODUCTION
Main Road Components
_______________________ - is the uppermost structural component of the roadway, which provides resistance to wear and shearing stress due to traffic load.
Surface Course
INTRODUCTION
Main Road Components
________________ - are located beside the carriage way which is the total width available for passing vehicles, and is used to receive lateral clearance to protect major structures on the roadside, to secure safety and comfort of both motorists and pedestrians and for emergency stopping purposes.
Shoulders
INTRODUCTION
Main Road Components
____________________ - are located beneath or alongside the roadway used in collecting, transporting and disposing of surface water originating in or near the road right-of-way.
Drainage Structures
INTRODUCTION
Main Road Components
________________ - can be lateral drainage such as a U-shaped, V-shaped lined canal (side ditch) or perforated drain canal.
Types of Drainage
INTRODUCTION
Main Road Components
_________________ - are constructed along the side of the roadway to stabilize the slopes.
Slope Protection Structures
INTRODUCTION
Main Road Components
________________ - are constructed along the side of the roadway if there are space constrictions.
Retaining Walls
PREPARATORY WORK
Becomes necessary to divert traffic from any existing roadway whenever the construction operations block the flow of traffic.
Detour roads
PREPARATORY WORK
A road by which a job is connected to the highway system and is generally used in connection with borrow pits.
Access roads
ROAD BASE PREPARATION
It means removing and disposing all surface objects including vegetation, trees and other protruding objects not designated to remain along the roadway.
Clearing and Grubbing
ROAD BASE PREPARATION
It is necessary as a preliminary move in shaping the ground prior to the start of any excavation or placing of embankment.
Clearing and Grubbing
ROAD BASE PREPARATION
Prior to actual construction work, obstructions are removed in order not to hamper the work.
Removal of Existing
Obstructions
FORMATION OF SUBGRADE
The ______________ is the upper layer of natural soil which may be the undisturbed local materials or soil excavated elsewhere placed as fill.
subgrade
FORMATION OF SUBGRADE
Earthwork Terminologies:
______________ – earth fill below the pavement necessary to raise the road above flood levels.
Embankment
FORMATION OF SUBGRADE
Earthwork Terminologies:
_____________ - suitable material from sources outside the roadway prism, used for embankments.
Borrow
FORMATION OF SUBGRADE
Earthwork Terminologies:
______ -the angle of constructed soil plane usually expressed in proportion of length and depth.
Slope
FORMATION OF SUBGRADE
Earthwork Terminologies:
________ - the average depth of embankment material needed to be placed on top of the natural ground at any designated location along the roadway to satisfy the designed grade.
Fill
FORMATION OF SUBGRADE
Earthwork Terminologies:
_____ – the average depth needed in excavating the natural found at a specific location along the road traverse to satisfy the designed grade.
Cut
FORMATION OF SUBGRADE
Earthwork Terminologies:
______________ – removing earth from its original position in a cut and transporting it to a fill or to waste deposit.
Excavation
FORMATION OF SUBGRADE
Earthwork Terminologies:
_____________ – the pressing of soil particles to expel air from the mass and filling the voids to make the material more dense. The factors influencing amount of compaction obtainable are material gradation, soil shape, moisture content and amount of compactive effort.
Compaction
FORMATION OF SUBGRADE
Earthwork Terminologies:
_________________ - a tool for economic road building, material conservation, investment protection and roadway upgrading.
Soil Stabilization
FORMATION OF SUBGRADE
Earthwork Terminologies:
__________________ - suitable native material obtained from roadway cuts or borrow areas or other similar material used for subbase, roadbed material, shoulder surfacing slope cover or other specific purposes.
Selected Borrow
FORMATION OF SUBGRADE
Earthwork Terminologies:
__________________ - The layer of material placed on an existing surface to eliminate irregularities prior to placing an overlaying course.
Leveling Course
FORMATION OF SUBGRADE
It is the process of loosening and removing earth from its original position and transporting same for fill or to a waste deposit.
Roadway Excavation
FORMATION OF SUBGRADE
Types of Roadway Excavation
Involves excavation of common materials used as embankment fill which results from excavation along the road traverse.
Common Excavation
FORMATION OF SUBGRADE
Types of Roadway Excavation
Excavation and disposal of materials regardless of its nature which were not classified and included in the bill of quantities under other pay items.
Unclassified Excavation
FORMATION OF SUBGRADE
Types of Roadway Excavation
Are suitable materials excavated along the road traverse which are disposed as excess in the formation of embankment subgrade.
Surplus Excavation
FORMATION OF SUBGRADE
Are suitable materials which can be common or rock which are brought and compacted together to a specified degree to form a stable embankment to bring the road to a desired grade or to elevate it above flood level.
Embankment Fill
FORMATION OF SUBGRADE
Compaction trial of not less than ___________ sq.m. is done to determine the actual capability of the compaction equipment and the compatibility of the material to be used.
500
FORMATION OF SUBGRADE
It is conducted on site in order to determine if the required compaction specification has been attained to a specific layer.
Field Density Test (FDT)
FORMATION OF SUBGRADE
are painted sticks placed along the side of the road traverse as guide and reference in the elevation of the different layering requirements of the road project
Blue tops
V. STABILIZING LAYERS
is a structural layer which accepts greater compressive stress than the subgrade and thus reduces the deformation of the pavement under traffic loading.
Subbase course
V. STABILIZING LAYERS
reduces the vertical compressive stress induced by traffic in the subbase course and the subgrade.
Base course
VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
PCCP Terminologies
______________ - concrete ability to be placed in a prepared form without honeycomb.
Workability
VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
PCCP Terminologies
_____________ - measure of fluidity of concrete.
Consistency
VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
PCCP Terminologies
______________ – describes the compressive strength of concrete mix.
Water-cement ratio
VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
PCCP Terminologies
___________- are substances other than aggregates water and Portland cement that can be added to concrete to improve its properties and fulfill other special purposes.
Admixture
VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
PCCP Terminologies
_____________ - is the treatment or protection applied to concrete during hardening period to protect against early shrinkage due to lose of moisture or abrupt changes in temperature.
Curing agent
VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Types of Joints
Also called cold joint.
Is constructed when there is an interruption of more than 30 minutes in the concreting operation which is placed not within 1.50 m. of an expansion joint or contraction joint.
Construction joint
VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Types of Joints
Also called weakened-plane joint.
Are provided to relieve the tensile stresses due to temperature, moisture, and friction, thereby controlling cracking.
Contraction joint
VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Types of Joints
If the lanes are concreted separately, a longitudinal construction joints in the form of a key and keyway is used.
Longitudinal joint
VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Types of Joints
Provide space for the expansion of the pavement, thereby preventing the development of compressive stresses which can cause the pavement to buckle.
Are usually from 19 to 25 mm wide and extend the full depth of the slab.
Expansion joint
VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Types of Re-bar
Are load transfer devices in joints to transfer wheel loads from one slab to another and thus, prevent excessive deflection at the ends of the slabs.
Are plain round steel bars.
Dowels
VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Types of Re-bar
Are deformed bars used in construction and longitudinal joints together with keys to tie two slabs together.
Tie bars
VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Methodology
___________ should be made of steel of an approved section and depth equal to the thickness of pavement.
Forms
VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Methodology
Vibrators are not allowed to be operated longer than ___ seconds in any single location.
15
VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Methodology
A ________ is used to grade concrete in such manner as to prevent segregation.
screeder
VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Methodology
after the concrete has been struck off and consolidated it is further smoothened by means of a longitudinal float. Any excess water or soupy material is wasted over the side forms on each pass.
Floating
VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Methodology
is executed by producing a uniform appearance of corrugations produced in the surface not more than 1.5 mm. in depth.
Brooming
VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Methodology
Is necessary for the hydration to take place so that the concrete may harden properly and prevent abrupt loss of moisture during the curing period.
Concrete Curing
VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Methodology
Forms for concrete shall remain in place undisturbed within ____ hours after pouring.
24
VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Methodology
These are used in removing forms pulling out of nails and pins but cares should be exercised not to break the pavement edges.
Crowbars
VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Methodology
_______________ is done within 24 hours after concrete pouring water using cooled diamond edge saw blade
Concrete sawing
VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
it is also called flexible pavement implying its ability to absorb stresses imposed by traffic and weather without cracking.
Asphalt Concrete Pavement
VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Asphalt Concrete Pavement is made of mineral aggregate mixed with asphalt laid at a high temperature of about ______ to ______ degree F
275, 300
VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
the thickness of a compacted asphalt concrete pavement varies from _______ meter for lightly traveled road to _______ meter or more for roads where traffic is considered heavy.
0.05, 0.15
VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Asphalt Concrete Pavement Parts
Is an application of thin bituminous material to a porous base before putting on a surface course.
Prime coat
VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Asphalt Concrete Pavement Parts
It ensure the adhesion of the surface course to the binder course.
Tack coat
VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Asphalt Concrete Pavement Parts
It is a bituminous layer below the surface or wearing course.
Binder course
VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Asphalt Concrete Pavement Parts
It is the climax of the whole operation.
The only part apparent to those who use the highway.
Binder course
VII - DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
_____________ is suitable for this type of work especially if it is a pipe culvert or a segmental type box culvert as it can be utilized for drainage excavation as well as in the lifting of each culvert segment during installation.
backhoe
VII - DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
It is meant to stabilize the foundation bed to avoid any possible settlement that might impair the function of the drainage structure and also to serve as a uniform cushion to the culvert.
Foundation fill
VII - DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
Foundation fill’s normal thickness of ___ cm.
20
VII - DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
These are installed in the original streambed with their grades and flow line conforming to the natural channel or canal.
Pipes
VII - DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
Mortar proportion is ___:___ with enough water to obtain the desired consistency.
1:2
VII - DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
It is to form a continuous bead around the outside of the pipe.
Collar
VIII. SLOPE PROTECTION/RETAINING STRUCTURES
A ___________ is an ideal equipment to use in the excavation of foundation for grouted riprap.
backhoe
IX. MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES/WORKS
________ is the raised rim of concrete which forms the edge of the sidewalk while the __________ is the horizontal paved portion slightly inclined.
Curb and gutter
IX. MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES/WORKS
It is for use of pedestrians It provides safety also to motorists as a good clearance so that the roadway can be fully utilized.
Concrete Sidewalk
IX. MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES/WORKS
They are installed to mark the limit of safe travel and warn of danger beyond.
Guardrails
IX. MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES/WORKS
An economical alternative road protection.
Concrete parapet wall
IX. MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES/WORKS
Are traffic signs installed along the roadway
Road signs
