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Highways and Railroads Engineering > Lesson 3: Overview of Highway Design > Flashcards

Lesson 3: Overview of Highway Design Flashcards

1
Q

a process in Highway Engineering where the most appropriate location, alignment and shape of a highway are selected.

A

Highway Design

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2
Q

6 Characteristics of Highway Design

A
  1. Self-explaining roads
  2. Roads that encourage safe speeds
  3. Forgiving roadsides
  4. Functionality
  5. Predictability
  6. Homogeneity
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3
Q

Highway design involves the consideration of five (5) major factors:

A
  1. Human Factors and Driver Performance
  2. Vehicles
  3. Traffic Characteristics
  4. Physical Elements
  5. Economic Factors
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4
Q

Determines how effectively will the drivers be able to use the road.

A

Human Factors and Driver Performance

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5
Q

Determines what types of vehicles will use the road.

A

Vehicles

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6
Q

Primarily involves traffic volumes and traffic characteristics.

A

Traffic characteristics

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7
Q

Concerned with the cost of a proposed improvement and the benefits resulting from it.

A

Economic Factors

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8
Q

Traffic Characteristics considers (5):

A
  1. Average Daily Traffic (ADT)
  2. Peak hour traffic
  3. Directional Distribution
  4. Composition of traffic
  5. Projection of future traffic demands
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9
Q

4 Elements of Physical Characteristics

A
  1. Highway capacity
  2. Access control and management
  3. Pedestrians (bus stops, loading areas, stairs)
  4. Bicycle facilities and environment (Highways should complement their environment)
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10
Q

8 Data needed for highway design

A
  1. Field Survey Information (Topo)
  2. Alignment
  3. Spatial Data (Barangays, Protected Sites, Ancestral Domains, etc.)
  4. AADT (Annual Average Daily Traffic)
  5. Subsurface Investigations
  6. Catchment Areas (For Cross Drain Design)
  7. Existing Streams/Rivers
  8. Existing Structures and Utility Services
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11
Q

A 3D representation of the project site

A

Topographic Surveys (Topo)

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12
Q

Also called the Horizontal control, is the route of the road, defined as a series of horizontal tangents and curves.

A

Alignment

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13
Q

helps in better decision making when designing highways.

A

Spatial Data

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14
Q

It is commonly used for identifying spatial data. QGIS is an example of a GIS software.

A

GIS software

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15
Q

the total volume of vehicle traffic on a highway or road for a year divided by 365 days

A

Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT)

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16
Q

AADT directly affects 2 highway characteristics such as:

A
  1. Pavement thickness
  2. Level of Service (LOS)
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17
Q

Investigations below the subgrade level.

A

Subsurface Investigations

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18
Q

For areas with light cut and fill, investigations should be fulfilled with at least a depth of __________ below the proposed subgrade.

A

1.5 m

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19
Q

An area of land that collects water after rainfall.

Water flows down into these areas and collects into rivers and streams.

A

Catchment area

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20
Q

Necessary for the effective planning and design of box culverts, bridges and possible outfalls.

A

Existing streams/rivers

21
Q

These are necessary especially when the project involves road widening.

A

Existing structures and utility services

22
Q

The most efficient alignment

A

Straight line

23
Q

target speed at which drivers are intended to travel on a street, and not, as often misused, the maximum operating speed.

A

Design speed

24
Q

3 types of terrain

A
  1. Level
  2. Rolling
  3. Mountainous
25
Q

Expressways should be designed for speeds not less than _______

A

80kph

26
Q

The distance at which a driver of a vehicle can see an object of specified height on the road ahead

A

Sight Distance

27
Q

The minimum distance required for a vehicle, travelling at the design speed, to stop before reaching an object in its path

A

Stopping Sight Distance

28
Q

The distance needed for a driver to detect an unexpected threat, recognize the threat, decide on what to do and initiate a maneuver to avoid the said threat

A

Decision Sight Distance

29
Q

The minimum distance required to safely make a normal passing maneuver on 2-lane highways

A

Passing Sight Distance

30
Q

When a vehicle moves in a circular path, it is forced radially outward by _________________ which is counter-balanced by the vehicle weight component due to the roadway tires and surfacing

A

centrifugal force

31
Q

In superelevation, Centrifugal force is counteracted by the ______________

A

frictional force

32
Q

________________ is implemented for roads with 2 lanes.

This is to give allowance for long vehicles to complete a turning maneuver in a curve without falling outside the pavement.

A

widening of curves

33
Q

Also called the Profile, they serve as the vertical control

A

Vertical Alignment

34
Q

Maximum grades of ___% are considered appropriate for a design speed of _______

A

5, 110 kph

35
Q

For a design speed of ________ maximum grades are generally in the range of 7 to 12% depending on topography

A

50 kph

36
Q

In the Philippines the maximum grade widely used is ________

A

6%

37
Q

On through cut sections grade should be at least _____% to provide longitudinal drainage.

A

0.50

38
Q

One of the most common enemy of any highway infrastructure and can infiltrate parts of the highway both from above and below

A

Water

39
Q

Water from above can cause erosion of slopes

A

Storm Water

40
Q

Water from below can push the pavement up

A

Water Table

41
Q

One of the most common software used for drainage design

A

Storm and Sanitary Analysis (SSA)

42
Q

The slope of the surface of a pavement measured at right angles to the horizontal alignment

A

Cross slope or Crossfall

43
Q

Road drainage should be designed for a ______ flood design capacity, with a check capacity of _____ flood

A

15 year; 25 year

44
Q

Minimum flow velocity should be at _____ m/s at pipe full; Maximum velocity to be adopted or piped drainage systems is __ m/s

A

0.8, 5

45
Q

Minimum pipe size adopted should be _____ in order to allow the passage of debris and minimize the risk of blockage

A

910 mm

46
Q

Three types of pavement found in the Philippines:

A
  1. Flexible (orAsphalt pavement)
  2. Rigid (or Concrete pavement)
  3. Unbound, gravel surfaced, unsealed or ‘unpaved’ roads
47
Q

Defined as that portion of the road or highway, placed above the subgrade specifically for the support of and to provide a running surface for vehicular traffic

A

Pavement

48
Q

Process of determining the thickness and strength of pavement laid on a soil foundation (subgrade).

A

Pavement Design

49
Q

Earthworks

One of the most frequent disturbances in road operation is ________________.

A

slope failure

Highways and Railroads Engineering (5 decks)

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