Road Construction Methods Flashcards by Karl Maravilla

the main highway trunk
line system that is continuous in extent that goes
from province to province and region to region.

Primary National Road

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connects a provincial or
national road to a public wharf or railway station.

Secondary National Road

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connects two
municipalities or cities within a province

Provincial Road

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street within the urban area of the
city.

City Road

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street within the poblacion
area of a municipality.

Municipal Road-

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Barangay Road–street located outside the
poblacion area of a municipality or urban area
of a city and those outside industrial,
commercial areas or residential subdivisions.

Barangay Road

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are those roads of national
importance. They are frequently used by traffic
and leads to vital areas such as major cities and
installations.

Major roads

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are roads which is local in nature as
it serves only the interest of the locality such as a
street.

Minor roads

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can accommodate greater
traffic volume.

Highway

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serves service area
connecting to highways.

Street or road

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Types of Road According
to Surface Course

Earth Road

Gravel Road

Asphalt Road

Concrete Road

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It is the simplest form of road constructed by
shaping and smoothing the natural soil
traversed by the road line.

Earth Road

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Are constructed from natural gravel together
with a sufficient amount of good quality soil to
serve as binder.

Gravel Road

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It is sometimes termed as an all weather road
and are used to construct Farm to Market
Roads which serves to connect rural and
agricultural areas to market towns.

Gravel Road

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It is frequently described as flexible pavement
implying its ability to absorb the stresses
imposed by traffic and weather without
cracking.

Asphalt Road

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It is frequently described as flexible pavement
implying its ability to absorb the stresses
imposed by traffic and weather without
cracking.

PCC Pavement Road

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is the upper layer of natural soil which
may be the undisturbed local materials, or soil
excavated elsewhere placed as fill.

Subgrade-

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are
individual stabilizing layers of selected material and
designed thickness placed on top of the subgrade to
distribute the load transmitted from the surface
course.

Aggregate Subbase and Base Courses

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is the uppermost structural
component of the roadway, which provides
resistance to wear and shearing stress due to traffic
load.

Surface Course

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are located beneath or
alongside the roadway used in collecting,
transporting and disposing of surface water
originating in or near the road right-of-way.

Drainage Structures

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constructed
along the side of the roadway to stabilize the
slopes.

Slope Protection Structures

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are constructed along the side
of the roadway if there are space constrictions.

Retaining Walls

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A __________ between the
Contractor’s representative on the project and the
Project Engineer and his staff is required.

preconstruction conference

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Becomes necessary to divert traffic
from any existing roadway whenever
the construction operations block the
flow of traffic.

Detour Roads

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A road by which a job is connected to the highway system and is generally used in connection with borrow pits.

Access Roads

It means removing and disposing all surface objects including vegetation, trees and other protruding objects not designated to remain along the roadway.

Clearing and Grubbing

It is necessary as a preliminary move in shaping the ground prior to the start of any excavation or placing of embankment as any growth makes earth difficult to handle and its decay will cause future settlement of fill

Clearing and Grubbing

The_______ is the upper layer of natural soil which may be the undisturbed local materials or soil excavated elsewhere placed as fill.

subgrade

Roads in _________ are often engineered to balance the cuts and fills so that all the material cut out in high spots is just enough to build up all the low spots.

rolling hills

___________earth fill below the pavement necessary to raise the road above flood levels.

Embankment–

suitable material from sources outside the roadway prism, used for embankments.

Borrow

the angle of constructed soil plane usually expressed in proportion of length and depth.

Slope-

the average depth of embankment material needed to be placed on top of the natural ground at any designated location along the roadway to satisfy the designed grade.

Fill-

the average depth needed in excavating the natural found at a specific location along the road traverse to satisfy the designed grade.

Cut–

removing earth from its original position in a cut and transporting it to a fill or to waste deposit.

Excavation–

the pressing of soil particles to expel air from the mass and filling the voids to make the material more dense. The factors influencing amount of compaction obtainable are material gradation, soil shape, moisture content and amount of compactive effort.

Compaction –

a tool for economic road building, material conservation, investment protection and roadway upgrading.

Soil Stabilization-

suitable native material obtained from roadway cuts or borrow areas or other similar material used for subbase, roadbed material, shoulder surfacing slope cover or other specific purposes.

Selected Borrow -

The layer of material placed on an existing surface to eliminate irregularities prior to placing an overlaying course.

Leveling Course -

It is the process of loosening and removing earth from its original position and transporting same for fill or to a waste deposit.

Roadway Excavation

Involves excavation of common materials used as embankment fill which results from excavation along the road traverse.

Common Excavation

Is the removal and disposal of saturated or unsaturated mixtures of soils and organic matter not suitable for foundation materials.

Unsuitable Excavation

Consists of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks which cannot be excavated without blasting or the use of rippers.

Rock Excavation

Excavation and disposal of materials regardless of its nature which were not classified and included in the bill of quantities under other pay items.

Unclassified Excavation

Are suitable materials excavated along the road traverse which are disposed as excess in the formation of embankment subgrade.

Surplus Excavation

Are suitable materials which can be common or rock which are brought and compacted together to a specified degree to form a stable embankment to bring the road to a desired grade or to elevate it above flood level.

Embankment Fill

FDT

Field Density Test

conducted on site in order to determine if the required compaction specification has been attained to a specific layer.

Field Density Test

Required degree of compaction in road widening is attained by ________ the material for the heavy equipment to gain access

benching

are painted sticks placed along the side of the road traverse as guide and reference in the elevation of the different layering requirements of the road project

Blue Tops

The_________- is a structural layer which accepts greater compressive stress than the subgrade and thus reduces the deformation of the pavement under traffic loading.

subbase course

The ___________ reduces the vertical compressive stress induced by traffic in the subbase course and the subgrade.

base course

Aside from being stabilizing layers, surface courses also serve for___________ purposes

draining

If the required thickness is _____ or less, the material may be spread and compacted in one layer.

150 mm

Being the uppermost component of the roadway, it should provide long lasting, smooth, clean surface and should spread the load sufficiently so that the base material can support them.

Concrete Pavement

concrete ability to be placed in a prepared form without honeycomb.

Workability -

measure of fluidity of concrete.

Consistency -

describes the compressive strength of concrete mix.

Water-cement ratio –

are substances other than aggregates water and Portland cement that can be added to concrete to improve its properties and fulfill other special purposes.

Admixture -

is the treatment or protection applied to concrete during hardening period to protect against early shrinkage due to lose of moisture or abrupt changes in temperature.

Curing agent -

Also called cold joint.

Construction Joint

Also called weakened-plane joint.

Contraction Joint

Expansion joints are usually from _________ wide and extend the full depth of the slab.

19 to 25 mm

Are load transfer devices in joints to transfer wheel loads from one slab to another and thus, prevent excessive deflection at the ends of the slabs.

Dowels

Are deformed bars used in construction and longitudinal joints together with keys to tie two slabs together.

Tie bars

Forms should be made of ________- of an approved section and depth equal to the thickness of pavement.

steel

For large jobs, a __________-- is necessary to provide a smooth flow of continues supply and transport of materials to the work.

Concrete Batching Plant

A _______ is used to grade concrete in such manner as to prevent segregation.

screeder

____________-after the concrete has been struck off and consolidated it is further smoothened by means of a longitudinal float.

Floating-

________executed by producing a uniform appearance of corrugations produced in the surface not more than 1.5 mm. in depth.

Brooming

Is necessary for the hydration to take place so that the concrete may harden properly and prevent abrupt loss of moisture during the curing period.

Concrete Curing

Forms for concrete shall remain in place undisturbed within ____________--- after pouring.

24 hours

is done within 24 hours after concrete pouring water using cooled diamond edge saw blade

concrete sawing

__________-- should be undertaken after the curing period and before the pavement is opened to traffic.

Sealing of joints

it is also called flexible pavement implying its ability to absorb stresses imposed by traffic and weather without cracking.

Asphalt Concrete Pavement

Is an application of thin bituminous material to a porous base before putting on a surface course.

Prime Coat

It ensure the adhesion of the surface course to the binder course.

Tack Coat

It is a bituminous layer below the surface or wearing course.

Binder Course

Are installed beneath or alongside the roadway for collecting, transporting and disposing surface water originating in or near the road right-of-way.

Drainage Structures

A bachhoe is suitable for this type of work especially if it is a pipe culvert or a segmental type box culvert as it can be utilized for drainage excavation as well as in the lifting of each culvert segment during installation. .

Culvert Excavation

meant to stabilize the foundation bed to avoid any possible settlement that might impair the function of the drainage structure and also to serve as a uniform cushion to the culvert

foundation fill

Normal thickness of foundation fill

20 cm

_______ are installed in the original streambed with their grades and flow line conforming to the natural channel or canal.

Pipes

Mortar proportion is ____with enough water to obtain the desired consistency.

1:2

_______ are placed and compacted in layers not exceeding 15 cm. on both sides up to an elevation of 30 cm above the top of the culvert.

Backfill

____________/retaining structures are constructed along the side of the road as protection from erosion or if there are space constrictions.

Slope protection

_____________-- are placed layer by layer alternately.

Boulders and grout

The ___________ is thoroughly rammed into place and the finished stone are laid to an even tight surface.

riprap

After grouting, the surface is cured for a period of at least ______--- from the date of installation.

3 days

_________ are opening provided to permit draining of water in filter layer or soil layer from behind the structure.

Weep holes

Boulders - thickness of not less than _____________, and widths of not less than one and one-half times their respective thickness, and lengths of not less than one and one-half times their respective widths.

150 mm

composed of one part of Portland Cement and two parts of fine aggregate by volume and sufficient water to make the mortar such consistency that it can be handled easily and spread with a trowel.

mortar

Wire mesh in varying thickness and width which is filled with boulders in placed to form a slope protection structure.

Gabion Mattress

Boulder size should be uniformly graded generally ranging from __________

10 to 20 cm.

It is the raised rim of concrete which forms the edge of the sidewalk while the gutter is the horizontal paved portion slightly inclined.

Curb and Gutter

They are installed to mark the limit of safe travel and warn of danger beyond.

Guardrails

Standard beam type are either _______________-

galvanized or aluminum

Post materials may be ___________

concrete, steel or aluminum

Beam Assembly begins at the __________ from approaching traffic placing one panel of the rail at a time on the posts.

end farthest

Backfill should consist of _______or granular material well tamped.

dry earth

Posts need not be set in __________ unless unusually soft materials require it.

concrete