Road Construction Methods Flashcards
the main highway trunk
line system that is continuous in extent that goes
from province to province and region to region.
Primary National Road
connects a provincial or
national road to a public wharf or railway station.
Secondary National Road
connects two
municipalities or cities within a province
Provincial Road
street within the urban area of the
city.
City Road
street within the poblacion
area of a municipality.
Municipal Road-
Barangay Road–street located outside the
poblacion area of a municipality or urban area
of a city and those outside industrial,
commercial areas or residential subdivisions.
Barangay Road
are those roads of national
importance. They are frequently used by traffic
and leads to vital areas such as major cities and
installations.
Major roads
are roads which is local in nature as
it serves only the interest of the locality such as a
street.
Minor roads
can accommodate greater
traffic volume.
Highway
serves service area
connecting to highways.
Street or road
Types of Road According
to Surface Course
Earth Road
Gravel Road
Asphalt Road
Concrete Road
It is the simplest form of road constructed by
shaping and smoothing the natural soil
traversed by the road line.
Earth Road
Are constructed from natural gravel together
with a sufficient amount of good quality soil to
serve as binder.
Gravel Road
It is sometimes termed as an all weather road
and are used to construct Farm to Market
Roads which serves to connect rural and
agricultural areas to market towns.
Gravel Road
It is frequently described as flexible pavement
implying its ability to absorb the stresses
imposed by traffic and weather without
cracking.
Asphalt Road
It is frequently described as flexible pavement
implying its ability to absorb the stresses
imposed by traffic and weather without
cracking.
PCC Pavement Road
is the upper layer of natural soil which
may be the undisturbed local materials, or soil
excavated elsewhere placed as fill.
I
Subgrade-
are
individual stabilizing layers of selected material and
designed thickness placed on top of the subgrade to
distribute the load transmitted from the surface
course.
Aggregate Subbase and Base Courses
is the uppermost structural
component of the roadway, which provides
resistance to wear and shearing stress due to traffic
load.
Surface Course
are located beneath or
alongside the roadway used in collecting,
transporting and disposing of surface water
originating in or near the road right-of-way.
Drainage Structures
constructed
along the side of the roadway to stabilize the
slopes.
Slope Protection Structures
are constructed along the side
of the roadway if there are space constrictions.
Retaining Walls
A __________ between the
Contractor’s representative on the project and the
Project Engineer and his staff is required.
preconstruction conference
Becomes necessary to divert traffic
from any existing roadway whenever
the construction operations block the
flow of traffic.
Detour Roads
A road by which a job is connected to
the highway system and is generally
used in connection with borrow pits.
Access Roads
It means removing and disposing all
surface objects including vegetation,
trees and other protruding objects not
designated to remain along the roadway.
Clearing and Grubbing
It is necessary as a preliminary move in
shaping the ground prior to the start
of any excavation or placing of
embankment as any growth makes
earth difficult to handle and its decay
will cause future settlement of fill
Clearing and Grubbing
The_______ is the upper layer of natural soil
which may be the undisturbed local materials or
soil excavated elsewhere placed as fill.
subgrade
Roads in _________ are often engineered to
balance the cuts and fills so that all the material
cut out in high spots is just enough to build up all
the low spots.
rolling hills
___________earth fill below the pavement
necessary to raise the road above flood levels.
Embankment–
suitable material from sources
outside the roadway prism, used for
embankments.
Borrow
the angle of constructed soil plane
usually expressed in proportion of length and
depth.
Slope-
the average depth of embankment material
needed to be placed on top of the natural
ground at any designated location along the
roadway to satisfy the designed grade.
Fill-
the average depth needed in excavating
the natural found at a specific location along
the road traverse to satisfy the designed grade.
Cut–
removing earth from its original
position in a cut and transporting it to a fill or
to waste deposit.
Excavation–
the pressing of soil particles to
expel air from the mass and filling the voids to
make the material more dense. The factors
influencing amount of compaction obtainable
are material gradation, soil shape, moisture
content and amount of compactive effort.
Compaction –
a tool for economic road
building, material conservation, investment
protection and roadway upgrading.
Soil Stabilization-
suitable native material
obtained from roadway cuts or borrow areas
or other similar material used for subbase,
roadbed material, shoulder surfacing slope
cover or other specific purposes.
Selected Borrow -
The layer of material
placed on an existing surface to eliminate
irregularities prior to placing an overlaying
course.
Leveling Course -
It is the process of loosening and
removing earth from its original
position and transporting same for fill
or to a waste deposit.
Roadway Excavation
Involves excavation of common
materials used as embankment fill
which results from excavation along
the road traverse.
Common Excavation
Is the removal and disposal of saturated
or unsaturated mixtures of soils and
organic matter not suitable for
foundation materials.
Unsuitable Excavation
Consists of igneous, sedimentary and
metamorphic rocks which cannot be
excavated without blasting or the use
of rippers.
Rock Excavation
Excavation and disposal of materials
regardless of its nature which were not
classified and included in the bill of
quantities under other pay items.
Unclassified Excavation
Are suitable materials excavated
along the road traverse which are
disposed as excess in the
formation of embankment
subgrade.
Surplus Excavation
Are suitable materials which can be
common or rock which are brought
and compacted together to a
specified degree to form a stable
embankment to bring the road to a
desired grade or to elevate it above
flood level.
Embankment Fill
FDT
Field Density Test
conducted on site in order to determine if
the required compaction specification has
been attained to a specific layer.
Field Density Test
Required degree of compaction in road
widening is attained by ________ the material
for the heavy equipment to gain access
benching
are painted sticks placed
along the side of the road traverse as guide
and reference in the elevation of the
different layering requirements of the road
project
Blue Tops
The_________- is a structural
layer which accepts greater
compressive stress than the subgrade
and thus reduces the deformation of the
pavement under traffic loading.
subbase course
The ___________ reduces the vertical
compressive stress induced by traffic in
the subbase course and the subgrade.
base course
Aside from being stabilizing layers, surface courses
also serve for___________ purposes
draining
If the required thickness is _____ or less, the
material may be spread and compacted in one
layer.
150 mm
Being the uppermost component of the
roadway, it should provide long
lasting, smooth, clean surface and
should spread the load sufficiently so
that the base material can support them.
Concrete
Pavement
concrete ability to be placed in
a prepared form without honeycomb.
Workability -
measure of fluidity of
concrete.
Consistency -
describes the
compressive strength of concrete mix.
Water-cement ratio –
are substances other than
aggregates water and Portland cement that
can be added to concrete to improve its
properties and fulfill other special purposes.
Admixture -
is the treatment or protection
applied to concrete during hardening period to
protect against early shrinkage due to lose of
moisture or abrupt changes in temperature.
Curing agent -
Also called cold joint.
Construction Joint
Also called weakened-plane joint.
Contraction Joint
Expansion joints are usually from _________
wide and extend the full depth
of the slab.
19 to 25 mm
Are load transfer devices in joints to
transfer wheel loads from one slab to
another and thus, prevent excessive
deflection at the ends of the slabs.
Dowels
Are deformed bars used in
construction and longitudinal joints
together with keys to tie two slabs
together.
Tie bars
Forms should be made of ________- of an approved section
and depth equal to the thickness of pavement.
steel
For large jobs, a __________– is
necessary to provide a smooth flow of continues
supply and transport of materials to the work.
Concrete Batching Plant
A _______ is used to grade concrete in such manner as to prevent segregation.
screeder
____________-after the concrete has been struck off and
consolidated it is further smoothened by means of a
longitudinal float.
Floating-
________executed by producing a uniform
appearance of corrugations produced in the surface
not more than 1.5 mm. in depth.
Brooming
Is necessary for the hydration to take
place so that the concrete may harden
properly and prevent abrupt loss of
moisture during the curing period.
Concrete Curing
Forms for concrete shall remain in place undisturbed within ____________— after pouring.
24 hours
is done within 24 hours after
concrete pouring water using cooled diamond
edge saw blade
concrete sawing
__________– should be undertaken after
the curing period and before the pavement is
opened to traffic.
Sealing of joints
it is also called flexible pavement
implying its ability to absorb stresses
imposed by traffic and weather without
cracking.
Asphalt Concrete Pavement
Is an application of thin
bituminous material to a porous
base before putting on a surface
course.
Prime Coat
It ensure the adhesion of the surface
course to the binder course.
Tack Coat
It is a bituminous layer below the
surface or wearing course.
Binder Course
Are installed beneath or alongside the
roadway for collecting, transporting
and disposing surface water originating
in or near the road right-of-way.
Drainage
Structures
A bachhoe is suitable for this type of work
especially if it is a pipe culvert or a segmental
type box culvert as it can be utilized for drainage
excavation as well as in the lifting of each culvert
segment during installation. .
Culvert Excavation
meant to
stabilize the foundation bed to avoid
any possible settlement that might
impair the function of the drainage
structure and also to serve as a uniform
cushion to the culvert
foundation fill
Normal thickness of foundation fill
20 cm
_______ are installed in the original streambed with their
grades and flow line conforming to the natural channel or canal.
Pipes
Mortar proportion is ____with enough water to obtain the desired consistency.
1:2
_______ are placed and compacted in layers not exceeding 15 cm. on both sides up to an elevation of 30 cm above the top of the culvert.
Backfill
____________/retaining structures
are constructed along the side of the
road as protection from erosion or if
there are space constrictions.
Slope protection
_____________– are placed layer by layer alternately.
Boulders and grout
The ___________ is thoroughly rammed into place and the
finished stone are laid to an even tight surface.
riprap
After grouting, the surface is cured for a period of at least ______— from the date of installation.
3 days
_________ are opening provided to permit draining of
water in filter layer or soil layer from behind the
structure.
Weep holes
Boulders - thickness of not less than
_____________, and widths of not less than
one and one-half times their
respective thickness, and lengths of
not less than one and one-half times
their respective widths.
150 mm
composed of one part of
Portland Cement and two parts of
fine aggregate by volume and
sufficient water to make the mortar
such consistency that it can be
handled easily and spread with a
trowel.
mortar
Wire mesh in varying thickness and width
which is filled with boulders in placed to
form a slope protection structure.
Gabion Mattress
Boulder size should be uniformly graded
generally ranging from __________
10 to 20 cm.
It is the raised rim of concrete which
forms the edge of the sidewalk while
the gutter is the horizontal paved
portion slightly inclined.
Curb and Gutter
They are installed to mark the limit of
safe travel and warn of danger beyond.
Guardrails
Standard beam type are either
_______________-
galvanized or aluminum
Post materials may be ___________
concrete, steel or
aluminum
Beam Assembly begins at the __________ from
approaching traffic placing one panel of the
rail at a time on the posts.
end farthest
Backfill should consist of _______or granular material
well tamped.
dry earth
Posts need not be set in __________ unless unusually soft
materials require it.
concrete
