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Lippincott Microbiology Flashcards > RNA VIRUSES > Flashcards

RNA VIRUSES Flashcards

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1
Q

Causes a severe hemorrhagic fever with outbreaks in Zaire and Sudan

A

Ebola virus

-another FILOVIRUS family member, MARBURG VIRUS, has been associated with infection of lab personnel working with MONKEY TISSUE

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2
Q

Infection is associated with a high mortality rate in infected pregnant women

A

Hepatitis E virus (HEV)

-this CALICIVIRUS is transmitted by the FECAL/ORAL ROUTE, as with Hepatitis A, and is most prevalent in developing nations

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3
Q

Infection leads to the destruction of T cells, with the development of life-threatening opportunistic

A

HIV

-opportunistic infections include CMV, Kaposi sarcoma, Pneumocystis carinii, Toxoplasma gondii, and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare

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4
Q

Virus binds to CD4+ cells via viral glycoprotein gp120

A

HIV

-entry of virus requires presence of CHEMOKINE RECEPTORS CCR5 on monocyte/macrophages or CXCR4 on T cells

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5
Q

Retrovirus that causes oncogenic transformation of CD4+ T cells

A

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1)

-this virus, related to HIV, is endemic to JAPAN AND THE CARIBBEAN BASIN, and also causes TROPICAL SPASTIC PARAPARESIS

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6
Q

Treatment with salicylates for this viral cause of respiratory symptoms may result in Reye syndrome in children

A

Influenza virus (Orthomyxovirus)

-in children, this virus can also cause croup, otitis media, muscle aches, and a high fever; INFLUENZA and RETROVIRUSES are the only RNA viruses to replicate in the nucleus

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7
Q

Changes in the viral surface of proteins resulting from point mutations; reassortment of genome segments result in epidemics and pandemics

A

Influenza virus (Orthomyxovirus)

-POINT MUTATIONS in viral hemagglutinin [HA] or neuraminidase [NA] result in ANTIGEN DRIFT, whereas REASSORTMENT of genes results in ANTIGENIC SHIFTS

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8
Q

Major viral cause of pneumonia, and infection typically predisposes to secondary bacterial pneumonia

A

Influenza virus (Orthomyxovirus)

-decrease in respiratory mucosal viscosity by viral NEURAMINIDASE and destruction of the respiratory epithelium LOWER THE RESISTANCE TO BACTERIAL SUPERINFECTION by Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., and Haemophilus spp. Infection

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9
Q

Infection leads to an immune-mediated maculopapular rash on the head, trunk, and limbs

A

Measles virus

-presence of KOPLIK SPOTS, small bluish-white ulcerations on the ORAL MUCOSA, are pathognomonic

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10
Q

Giant-cell pneumonia and encephalomyelitis are potential complications

A

Measles virus

-vaccination for this previously common viral infection is included in the MMR VACCINE, along with mumps and rubella

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11
Q

Infection can result in orchitis, which can lead to sterility

A

Mumps virus

-ORCHITIS complicates PAROTIDITIS in 20% of infected males

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12
Q

Infection results in swelling of 1 or both parotids

A

Mumps virus

-may result in aseptic MENINGITIS and PANCREATITIS

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13
Q

Infection is associated with an aversion to water, foaming at the mouth, and choking (hydrophobia)

A

Rabies virus

-“BULLET-SHAPED” virion can be seen by electron microscopy; causes intracellular viral inclusions in infected cells known as NEGRI BODIES

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14
Q

Only virus for which postexposure vaccination is indicated

A

Rabies virus

-LONG INCUBATION PERIOD allows for the development of a protective immune response, WITHOUT WHICH CNS SYMPTOMS LEAD INVARIABLY TO DEATH

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15
Q

Infection is associated with symptoms of sympathetic over-reactivity (i.e., salivation)

A

Rabies virus

-virus binds to the NICOTINIC ACH RECEPTOR

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16
Q

Major cause of upper respiratory tract infections in humans

A

Rhinovirus

-this PICORNAVIRUS binds and enters epithelial cells via attachment to ICAM-1 and replicates best at 33 degrees Celsius, explaining its predilection for the MUCOSA OF THE NASOPHARYNX

17
Q

This newly emerging cause of mosquito-borne encephalitis can also be transmitted via blood transfusions and organ transplants, and causes life-threatening symptoms in elderly and immunocompromised patients

A

West nile virus

-although 1st reported in Africa in the 1930’s, the appearance of this member of the FLAVIVIRUS family was 1st reported in the US in 1999; recent years have seen large outbreaks with thousands of cases and nearly 200 deaths

18
Q

Arbovirus that causes severe hepatitis with jaundice and sever GI hemorrhage with black vomit

A

Yellow fever virus

-infection by this FLAVIVIRUS, transmitted by the AEDES MOSQUITO, can be prevented by using a VACCINE developed from the 17D STRAIN

19
Q

A grouping of viruses that are transmitted by mosquitoes and ticks

A

Arboviruses

-the group contains members of the FLAVIVIRUS family, TOGAVIRUS family, and BUNYAVIRUS family

20
Q

Causes herpangina

A

Coxsackievirus

-discrete VESICLES ON THE THROAT and tongue with pain and difficulty swallowing

21
Q

Infection may result in destruction of the pancreas with resultant insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

A

Coxsackieviruses B3 and B4

-may be due to MOLECULAR MIMICRY owing to shared antigens between virus and PANCREATIC BETA CELLS

22
Q

Infection is associated with ingestion of raw shellfish from fecally contaminated water

A

Hepatitis A virus (HAV)

-virus is transmitted via the FECAL/ORAL ROUTE and causes an acute hepatitis with NO CHRONIC CARRIER STATE

23
Q

Infection has been associated with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)

A

Measles virus

-caused by a defective virus encoding a DEFECTIVE M PROTEIN

24
Q

Major agent of epidemic gastroenteritis in adults

A

Norwalk agent

-outbreaks of this CALICIVIRUS are common in institutional settings and on CRUISE SHIPS

25
Q

Leading cause of croup

A

Parainfluenza virus

-also known as LARYNGOTRACHEOBRONCHITIS, obstruction of the larynx results in characteristic SEAL-BARK COUGH

26
Q

Infection leads to the destruction of the cells of the anterior horn of the spinal cord

A

Poliovirus

-viral infection with this PICORNAVIRUS can lead to DENERVATION ATROPHY of innervated muscles with FLACCID PARALYSIS

27
Q

Most important cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants

A

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

-virally infected cells often form multinucleated syncytia

28
Q

Virion contains 2 identical strands of positive RNA (diploid-like genome)

A

Retrovirus

-the virion also carries an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, a reverse transcriptase, and an integrase for integration into the host cell genome

29
Q

Major cause of diarrhea (gastroenteritis) in young children

A

Rotavirus

-this reovirus contains 10-12 SEGMENTS of dsRNA within 2 CONCENTRIC CAPSIDS

30
Q

Teratogenic virus leading to congenital defects of the heart, brain, and eye

A

Rubella virus

-a member of the TORCH GROUP of infectious agents that are capable of CROSSING THE PLACENTA and infecting the developing fetus

31
Q

Causes pleurodynia (Bornholm disease)

A

Coxsackie B virus

-SUDDEN ONSET of STABBING CHEST PAIN with waxing and waning symptoms

32
Q

Group of Togaviruses transmitted by mosquitoes leading to encephalitis

A

Alphavirus

-this genus includes Eastern Equine Encephalitis [EEE], Western Equine Encephalitis [WEE], and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis [VEE]

33
Q

Major cause of post-transfusion hepatitis

A

Hepatitis C virus (HCV)

-this FLAVIVIRUS often results INITIALLY IN SUBCLINICAL INFECTION although it is a major cause of CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND CIRRHOSIS in the US; it is the hepatitis virus that most likely to result in hepatocellular carcinoma

34
Q

Infection leads to severe hemorrhage and renal failure

A

Hantavirus

-a member of the BUNYAVIRUS family with 3 SEGMENTS OF RNA

35
Q

Replication-deficient virus, requiring the presence of hepatitis B virus for productive infection

A

Hepatitis D virus (HDV)

-the HDV viral particle, known as the DANE PARTICLE, requires packaging into HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN to be infectious

36
Q

Only bunyavirus member causing diseases endemic to the US

A

California encephalitis virus (including La Crosse virus)

-results in a MILD ENCEPHALITIS, sometimes only meningitis

37
Q

Most common cause of viral myocarditis

A

Coxsackie B virus

-usually self-limiting, but may cause FATAL ARRHYTHMIAS or lead to DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY

Lippincott Microbiology Flashcards (10 decks)

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