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Molecular Diagnosis > RNA Structure, Transcription And Translation > Flashcards

RNA Structure, Transcription And Translation Flashcards

1
Q

What differentiates a heart cell from a liver cell or any other cell?

A

Gene expression

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2
Q

Every somatic cell in the body has the same genetic information. True or false?

A

True

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3
Q

How do cells use genetic information?

A

Cells use the same genetic information in different ways to have different shapes and functions

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4
Q

What is transcription?

A

This is the process of copying one strand of dna into rna

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5
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

In the nucleus

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6
Q

During what phase of cell division does transcription occur mostly?

A

Interphase

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7
Q

What are the three major ways in which rna differs from dna?

A

RNA has ribose as sugar
Uracil replaces thymine as a base in rna
Rna is single stranded in structure

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8
Q

In what structure can rna fold and bind onto itself taking on double stranded characteristics?

A

Secondary structure

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9
Q

What structure is important for rna integrity and function?

A

Secondary structure.

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10
Q

(Messenger) MRNA comes about as a result of?

A

Transcription.

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11
Q

What is mRNA?

A

It is messenger rna, a template for translation of protein

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12
Q

What RNA type is part of the ribosomal complex?

A

rRNA

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13
Q

What is rRNA?

A

It is RNA that controls recognition between mRNA codon and tRNA anticodon during translation

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14
Q

This RNA’s function is to control recognition between codon of mRNA and anticodon of tRNA

A

rRNA

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15
Q

What is tRNA’s structure?

A

tRNAhas a cloverleaf secondary structure

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16
Q

What is the function of tRNA?

A

It carries amino acid to correct location on mRNA template to form protein

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17
Q

This RNA carries amino acid to correct location on mRNA template to form a protein

A

tRNA

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18
Q

In what direction does transcription occur?

A

5’ - 3’

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19
Q

What is the term given to RNA synthesis?

A

Transcription

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20
Q

What is RNA polymerase?

A

This is the enzyme that catalyzes RNA synthesis

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21
Q

What are the things required for RNA synthesis? (Transcription)

A

RNA polymerase
DNA template (anti-sense strand)
Ribonucleoside triphosphates
Transcription factors

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22
Q

What is DNA template?

A

Antisense of DNA

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23
Q

What is the sense strand?

A

The DNA coding strand

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24
Q

In terms of what is DNA sequence always written?

A

In terms of sense strand (5’ - 3’)

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25
Q

Why is the sense strand also called the coding strand?

A

Because you can predict the amino acid sequence directly from it

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26
Q

What is the mRNA sequence?

A

It is the same sequence as the DNA sense strand except thymine replaced with uracil

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27
Q

What is the antisense strand?

A

It is the strand that is complementary and antiparallel to the sense strand (3’ - 5’), which serves as the template for mRNA synthesis

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28
Q

What is another name for the antisense strand?

A

Template strand

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29
Q

This strand serves as the template for mRNA synthesis.

A

Antisense strand

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30
Q

What is the upstream and downstream part of a sequence?

A

5’ and 3’ end respectively in reference to a sense strand

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31
Q

What is the transcription start site designated?

A

+1

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32
Q

What numbers are the bases upstream given?

A

Negative numbers

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33
Q

What are the three phases of transcription?

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

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34
Q

What us found upstream of the coding region of a gene?

A

A promoter region

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35
Q

What are promoters?

A

They’re short consensus sequences

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36
Q

List the DNA sequences collectively known as promoters?

A 
TATA box (TATAA) -30 to -100
GC box (GGGCGG) -40 to -150
CAAT box (CCAAT) -40 to -150
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37
Q

What do transcription factors bind to in order to initiate transcription?

A

Promoters

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38
Q

How do promoters help in initiating transcription?

A

Through binding with transcription factors (proteins)

39
Q

What other sequence elements can direct transcription?

A

Enhancers
Silencers
Hormone response elements

40
Q

What initiates transcription?

A

The binding of RNA polymerase and transcription factors to promoters

41
Q

What happens after initiation?

A

Elongation

42
Q

What happens during elongation?

A

RNA polymerase moves along the DNA and incorporates rNTPs in the growing RNA chain in the 5’ to 3’ direction

43
Q

What happens in transcription termination?

A

Transcription of the growing RNA chain continues in the 5’ to 3’direction until RNA polymerase recognizes a sequence signal that signals the end

44
Q

What is the termination sequence?

A

AAUAAA

45
Q

Where is the termination signal located?

A

In the 3’ UTR (untranslated region) of the gene

46
Q

What happens after RN polymerase recognizes the termination sequence AAUAAA in the 3’ UTR?

A

The immature mRNA goes through processing

47
Q

What are the three steps of mRNA processing?

A

Capping
Polyadenylation
RNA splicing

48
Q

For what reasons is the 5’ end of the growing primary transcript capped?

A

For functional and protective reasons

49
Q

What ends are joined during capping of mRNA?

A

7-methylguanine is joined to the 5’ nucleotide

50
Q

Termination of transcription upon the recognition of the sequence AAUAAAresukts in what?

A

In the cleavage of the 3’ end of the primary transcript

51
Q

What is then added on the 3’ end after cleavage?

A

The enzyme poly(A)polymerase adds a repeated sequence of Aden,ate (A) residues on the 3’ end

52
Q

What purpose does the repeated sequence of adenylate (A) residues added by the poly(A)polymerase on the 3’ end serve?

A

To protect the mRNA and designate it as mature mRNA which can be recognized by ribosomes for translation

53
Q

What two areas are found on DNA?

A

Exxon’s and introns

54
Q

The coding region of most eukaryotic genes contains what two regions?

A

Translated and untranslated regions

55
Q

What are introns?

A

These are regions that interrupt the coding sequence, do not code for protein, and are not part of the mature mRNA

56
Q

What are Exons?

A

Exons include the coding sequence (open reading frame) and some untranslated, regulatory regions (UTR)

57
Q

This part of DNA interrupts coding sequence, does not code for protein and is not part of a mature mRNA.

A

Intrins

58
Q

This part of DNA includes the coding sequence and some untranslated regulatory regions

A

Exons

59
Q

What is RNA splicing?

A

Thus us a series of reactions where the intron sequences are snipped out and the exon sequences are joined from end-to-end (spliced)

60
Q

What is the term given to removal of introns?

A

Splicing

61
Q

What designates the intron-exon boundaries?

A

Some conserved sequences

62
Q

Where does splicing out occur?

A

In the spliceosome

63
Q

What is the spliceosome?

A

Thus is a unit of proteins and small nuclear RNA where splicing occurs

64
Q

What is alternative splicing?

A

This is when one gene results in several different proteins because of different Exon combinations that resulted after splicing

65
Q

List the things found on a mature mRNA after splicing.

A

5’ cap
Exons joined
Poly(A) train on 3’ end

66
Q

What two exons are not translated?

A

5’ UTR

3’ UTR

67
Q

What happens to the mature mRNA when transcription terminates?

A

It is exported out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm in preparation for translation.

68
Q

What is translation?

A

This is the conversion of mRNA message into protein

69
Q

Where does translation take place?

A

On ribosomes

70
Q

What serves as an adaptor molecule for converting the mRNA message into an amino acid (protein) sequence?

A

tRNA

71
Q

All the information necessary to synthesize a cell’s protein is contained in?

A

The DNA

72
Q

What is protein made of?

A

A series of amino acids

73
Q

How many bases and amino acids are there?

A

There are only 4 bases but 20 amino acids

74
Q

A sequence of how many bases is used during translation?

A

A sequence of 3 bases

75
Q

How many combinations of triplicate bases are possible?

A

64 possible combinations

76
Q

What is the codon?

A

This is the triplicate of bases

77
Q

What us the term given to the the triplicate of bases formed for translation?

A

Codon

78
Q

Each codon specifies what two things?

A

Either an amino acid or a stop signal

79
Q

How many codons are designated in an amino acid?

A

Most amino acids are designated by more than one codon

80
Q

How is a protein’s primary sequence read on the mRNA?

A

5’ to 3’

81
Q

What is the size of a tRNA?

A

They’re small molecules of about 70-95 nt

82
Q

What does one loop of a tRNA contain?

A

Anticodon which is complement to the codon on the mRNA

83
Q

What does the other end of a tRNA contain?

A

A CCA sequence which binds and carries the appropriate amino acids

84
Q

Where does translation occur in eukaryotes?

A

In the cytoplasm on the ribosomes

85
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

They’re complexes of proteins and RNA

86
Q

How many ribosomal proteins are found in the Large 60Ssubunit?

A

~50 ribosomal proteins

87
Q

How many ribosomal proteins are found in the Smaller 40S subunit?

A

~30 ribosomal proteins

88
Q

How does translation start?

A

Special proteins recognize the 5’ cap and poly-A tail of mRNA so they recruit ribosomal subunits

89
Q

What happens after special proteins recognize the 5’ cap and poly(A) tail of the mRNA?

A

Pre-initiation complex scans for AUG start codon

90
Q

What us the AUG start codon?

A

Methionine

91
Q

Describe the structure of the ribosome.

A

The ribosome has 2 functional sites; the P-site (peptidyl) and A-site (aminoacyl), and a third E-site (exit)

92
Q

Pre initiation complex scans for what in the mRNA?

A

AUG start codon (methionine)

93
Q

What happens during elongation and termination in translation?

A

Peptide bond is formed between adjacent amino acids, process which continues until stop codon is reached, and release factors detach polypeptide from tRNA, and ribosome disassembles.

Molecular Diagnosis (11 decks)

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