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RNA and DNA structure Flashcards

1
Q

components of proteins

A
  • information rich
  • comprised of many amino acids
    -distributed throughout the cell
  • NO WAY to self replicate
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2
Q

components of carbs and lipids

A
  • repeats of simple molecules
  • NO WAY to self replicate
  • distributed throughout the cell
  • changes quantity with nutritional status of organism
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3
Q

components of nucleic acids

A
  • information rich
  • CAN self replicate
  • concentrated in the nucleus
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4
Q

transformation

A

genetic material can be taken up by bacterial cells from the environment

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5
Q

Griffith’s Experiment (1920)

A

show that bacteria can transfer genetic information

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6
Q

what happened to mice with the LIVE R-STRAIN

A
  • live non pathogenic bacteria = mice lived
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7
Q

what happened to mice with the LIVE S-STRAIN

A
  • pathogenic bacteria strain = mice died
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8
Q

what happened to mice with the HEAT KILLED S - STRAIN

A
  • dead non pathogenic bacteria = mice lived
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9
Q

what happened to mice with the HEAT KILLED S - STRAIN + LIVE R - STRAIN

A
  • dead pathogenic bacteria + live non pathogenic bacteria = mice died
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10
Q

what happened when they gave the mice isolated blood from the HEAT KILLED S - STRAIN + LIVE R - STRAIN

A
  • live S - Strain = mice died
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11
Q

no transfer of genetic material

A

pathogenic strain protein + non-pathogenic cells

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12
Q

transfer of genetic material

A
  • pathogenic strain DNA + non-pathogenic cell
  • pathogenic strain of DNA and protease + non-pathogenic cells
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13
Q

molecular structure based on

A
  1. nucleotide structure
  2. chargaff’s rule
  3. rosalind franklin’s X-RAY diffraction data
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14
Q

nucleotide structure

A

building blocks of all nucleic acid molecules

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15
Q

3 components of nucleotide structure

A
  1. pentose 5 carbon sugar
  2. phosphate group
  3. nitrogenous base
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16
Q
  1. Pentose 5-Carbon Sugar
A

2-Deoxyribose and ribose

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17
Q

2-Deoxyribose

A

DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- only hydroxyl group

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18
Q

Ribose

A

RNA, ribonucleic acid
- two hydroxyl groups

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19
Q
  1. phosphate group
A
  • commonly attached to carbon 5
  • gives DNA and RNA a net negative charge
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20
Q

polynucleotides

A

chain of nucleotides

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21
Q

condensed reaction

A

Phosphodiester bonds form between phosphate and deoxyribose

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22
Q

components of polynucleotides

A
  • sugar phosphate backbone
  • chains grow by adding new nucleotide to 3’ end ONLY
  • true for DNA replication and transcription
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23
Q

nucleotides

A

building blocks of DNA and RNA

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24
Q

pyrimidine

A

single ring bases

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25
3 pyrimidines
1. cytosine 2. thymine 3. uracil (RNA only)
26
purines
double ring bases
27
2 purines
1. guanine 2. adenine
28
3 hydrogen bonds
thymine + adenine
29
2 hydrogen bonds
cytosine + guanine
30
properties of nucleotide base pairing
hydrogen bonds
31
what are H bonds in nucleotide base pairing
weak electrostatic attraction between covalently bonded H and an atom with unshared electron pair
32
what makes DNA more stable
- many thousands of H bonds holding the DNA together - antiparallel strands resulted from H bonding - hydrophobic nitrogenous base + hydrophilic sugar phosphate backbone
33
when do H bonds become unstable
when temperature increases
34
what happens to H bonds when temp increases
DNA is denatured and unwinds
35
what is Tm
temperature when 50% of DNA have unwound
36
what is Tm influenced by
1. length of DNA 2. GC content of the sequence 3. total number of H bonds between base pairs in the sequence
37
how does the length of DNA affect Tm
the longer the DNA the more H bonds it has
38
how does the GC content affect Tm
the higher the GC content the more heat that is required to melt it
39
how does the total number of hydrogen bonds between base pairs affect Tm
the more H bonds between base pairs requires more energy to break it
40
melting point of DNA sequence
2 + 4 rule of thumb
41
how many degrees do you add for A:T pairs
2 degrees celsius
42
how many degrees do you add for G:C pairs
4 degrees celsius
43
what is the formula for Tm
Tm = 4(G:C pairs) + 2(A:T pairs)
44
Chargaff's rule
A:T is about 1 C:G is about 1 GC DOES NOT = AT
45
examples that represent chargaff's rule
(A + G) = (T + C) A = T G = C (A + G) = (T + C) / 1
46
X-RAY diffraction
depends on the structure of the molecule
47
X-RAY diffraction components
- right handed double helix
48
how many nm is a 360 degree turn
3.4nm
49
how many nm space is between bases
0.34nm
50
about how many base pair turns
10
51
diameter of double helix
2.0nm
52
what does double helix form
major and minor grooves
53
strands of DNA are
antiparallel - more stability
54
major grooves
proteins that interact with DNA access molecule here
55
minor grooves
blocks protein access to bases; inhibiting and binding
56
DNA = nucleotides made of
pentose sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate
57
nucleotides are bound together to form
sugar phosphate backbone with negative charge
58
2 polynucleotide chains =
right double helix (B-DNA) held together with H bonds between bases
59
major and minor grooves
alternate down dsDNA and influence protein interaction
60
DNA components genetic information
- cytosine, guanine, thymine, adenine - double stranded sugar phosphate - base pairs - one hydroxyl group - replicate and store genetic information - act as a blueprint - contained within an organism
61
RNA components
- cytosine, guanine, uracil, adenine - single stranded sugar phosphate - nucleobases - has two hydroxyl groups - converts genetic information from DNA format used to build proteins

Genetics (4 decks)

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