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Chromosomes and Inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

Gregor Mendel’s 1st observation of genetics?

A

variation in traits is widespread

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2
Q

Gregor Mendel’s 2nd observation of genetics?

A

variation is essential for traits to go from one generation to the next

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3
Q

Gregor Mendel’s 3rd observation of genetics?

A

some traits are dominant and can mask the expression of other traits

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4
Q

Gregor Mendel’s 4th observation of genetics?

A

traits are controlled by pairs of factors that are passed down from each parent

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5
Q

Homozygous parent

A

YY or yy

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6
Q

Heterozygous parent

A

Yy or Tt

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7
Q

Generation P results in

A

all of the dominant trait

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8
Q

F1 generation results in

A

heterozygous offspring - then self fertilizes with itself to create generation F2

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9
Q

inheritance factors are carried by

A

parental gametes (egg and sperm)

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10
Q

what is true about parental gametes?

A
  • both parents contribute an equal amount of nuclear genetic material to the offspring
  • combination of traits viewed in an individual can give the impression of blended phenotypes
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11
Q

best definition of a gene

A

specific segment of DNA in a discrete region of a chromosome that codes for a functional product

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12
Q

alleles

A

different forms of genes
- T or t

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13
Q

chromosomal theory of inheritance

A

genes for phenotypic traits are located and found at specific locations on chromosomes

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14
Q

ploidy

A

number of set chromosomes in a cell or organism

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15
Q

characteristics of somatic cells

A
  • divide through mitosis
  • has 2 sets of chromosomes: one maternal and one paternal - 4 total chromosomes
  • diploid (2n)
  • n = 23
  • 46 total chromosomes
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16
Q

where are somatic cells found?

A

epithelial cells, dendritic cells, blood cells, immune cells, muscle cells

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17
Q

characteristics of human mature gamete cells

A
  • arise through meiosis
  • one set of chromosomes: one chromosome maternal and one paternal - 2 chromosomes
  • haploid (1n)
  • n = 23
  • 23 total chromosomes
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18
Q

where are gamete cells found

A

sperm and egg

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19
Q

chromatin

A

DNA + histone (protein)

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20
Q

when is chromatin observed?

A

during interphase

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21
Q

what occurs during interphase?

A
  • DNA undergoes replication
  • copies each chromosome
  • the 2 chromosome copies become connected at their centromeres
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22
Q

what are eukaryotes?

A

contains membrane-bound structures: nucleus is present, found in plants and animals

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23
Q

chromosomes

A

highly condensed form of chromatin

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24
Q

when are chromosomes observed?

A

following DNA replication, throughout meiosis

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25
when do chromosomes become visible?
start of prophase
26
chromatids
one glad of a duplicated chromosome - genetically identical except for spontaneous mutations
27
a chromatid makes up _____ of a chromosome
one half
28
a chromosome makes up ______ of homologous chromosomes
one half
29
homologous chromosomes
homologs; same size, same centromere locations, similar sequences
30
when are homologous chromosomes visible?
metaphase
31
what is the one exception to homologous chromosomes?
sex chromosomes X and Y are different but are considered homologs
32
tetrads
pair of homologous chromosomes
33
how many chromosomes are in a tetrad?
2 chromosomes
34
how many sister chromatids are in a tetrad?
4 sister chromatids
35
interphase
cell is preparing
36
prophase I
chromatin condenses - results in 4 chromosomes/ 2 homologous chromosomes
37
metaphase I
homologous chromosomes/homologs align
38
anaphase I
homologs separate from each other
39
telophase I
the two daughter cells separate
40
prophase II
chromosomes condenses - each cell has one pair of homologous chromosomes
41
metaphase II
chromosomes align with each other
42
anaphase II
sister chromatids separate - each cell has 4 sister chromatids
43
telophase II
daughter cells separate - four cells total, each cell having one sister chromatid
44
monohybrid cross
one trait - 2 forms PP x pp = results in heterogenous offspring
45
P1 cross
between true breading individuals which only produce one type of gamete
46
F1 cross
cross between P1 for the first generation of offspring
47
Law of segregation components
- uses monohybrid cross (TT x tt) - recessive traits are masked in F1 but can reappear in F2 - 2 alleles ( T and t) segregate from each other during the formation of gametes in anaphase I - half gametes get one allele and other half gets the other - union of gametes is random
48
test cross
determines whether an individual with the dominant phenotype is heterozygous or homozygous
49
how does a test cross work
- crosses unknown genotypes possessing dominant trait (D -) with a known homozygous recessive trait (dd)
50
test cross - show all dominant phenotype
unknown individual = homozygous (DD)
51
test cross - show 1:1 (dominant to recessive)
unknown individual - heterozygous (Dd)
52
dihybrid cross
traits with 2 forms (Ww x Yy)
53
law of independent assortment components
- uses a dihybrid cross - 2 causal genes for 2 traits assort independently of each other - pairs of alleles on different chromosomes segregate independently in the formation of gametes during meiosis
54
dihybrid cross ratio
x:x:x:x
55
segregation and assortment
different gametes carry different combinations of paternal and maternal genes
56
crossing over/recombination
allows paternal and maternal copies of alleles to be shuffled producing phenotypes not together in each parent
57
sexual reproduction
random sperm (male gamete) combines with random egg (female gamete)
58
homologous recombination/crossing over during prophase 1
synapsis and crossing over
59
synapsis
homologous chromosomes line up and pair - form tetrad arrangement - ensures chromosomes are matched up so no DNA is lost during crossing over
60
how crossing over/recombination works
genetic material is exchanged between the chromosomes - breaks and rejoins chromosomes - this leads to a new combination of genetic material
61
four major themes of genetics
1. variation in traits is widespread - reflects large amounts of genetics variation that exists in natural population 2. variation is essential for the following traits from one generation to the next - allows patterns of inheritance to be deciphered 3. variation is inherited according to patterns 4. mendel's laws and the inheritance of traits apply to all sexually reproducing organisms
62
transcription
DNA is copies to RNA
63
translation
RNA produces protein
64
central dogma order
DNA replication --> transcription --> translation --> outcome

Genetics (4 decks)

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